Lokacin Mutuwa: Ana Bukatar Sabbin Fasaha Don Babban Daidaito

Ga masu binciken da suka yi nazarin neurodegeneration, wannan rashin madaidaicin "lokacin mutuwa" sanarwa ga neurons yana da wuya a tantance abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar kwayar halitta da kuma duba magungunan da zasu iya ceton kwayoyin tsufa daga mutuwa.              

Yanzu, masu bincike a Cibiyoyin Gladstone sun haɓaka sabuwar fasaha da ke ba su damar bin diddigin dubban ƙwayoyin cuta a lokaci guda kuma su tantance ainihin lokacin mutuwa ga kowane tantanin halitta a cikin rukuni. Tawagar ta nuna, a cikin wata takarda da aka buga a mujallar Nature Communications, cewa tsarin yana aiki a cikin rodents da sel ɗan adam da kuma a cikin raye-rayen zebrafish, kuma ana iya amfani da su don bin sel na tsawon makonni zuwa watanni.

"Samun madaidaicin lokacin mutuwa yana da matukar mahimmanci don bayyana dalilin da tasiri a cikin cututtuka na neurodegenerative," in ji Steve Finkbeiner, MD, PhD, darektan Cibiyar Tsare-tsare da Magunguna a Gladstone kuma babban marubucin duka sababbin binciken. "Yana ba mu damar gano abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar sel kai tsaye, waɗanda ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani, kuma waɗanda za su iya magance hanyoyin da ke jinkirta mutuwa."

A cikin wata takarda ta abokin tafiya da aka buga a mujallar Science Advances, masu binciken sun hada fasahar firikwensin tantanin halitta tare da tsarin koyon injin, inda suka koyar da kwamfuta yadda ake bambance rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da matattu sau 100 da sauri fiye da mutum.

Jeremy Linsley, PhD, shugaban shirye-shiryen kimiyya a Finkbeiner ya ce: "An ɗauki ɗaliban koleji watanni don nazarin waɗannan nau'ikan bayanai da hannu, kuma sabon tsarinmu yana kusan nan take-a zahiri yana gudana da sauri fiye da yadda muke iya samun sabbin hotuna akan na'urar gani da ido," in ji Jeremy Linsley, PhD, shugaban shirin kimiyya a Finkbeiner's lab da marubucin farko na duka sababbin takardu.

Koyar da Tsohon Sensor Sabbin Dabaru

Lokacin da kwayoyin halitta suka mutu - ko menene dalili ko tsari - daga ƙarshe sun zama rarrabuwa kuma membranes ɗin su ya lalace. Amma wannan tsari na lalacewa yana ɗaukar lokaci, yana da wuya masana kimiyya su iya bambanta tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da suka daɗe sun daina aiki, marasa lafiya da masu mutuwa, da waɗanda suke da lafiya.

Masu bincike sukan yi amfani da tags ko rini don bin sel marasa lafiya tare da na'urar hangen nesa na tsawon lokaci kuma suna ƙoƙarin tantance inda suke cikin wannan tsarin lalata. Yawancin rini, tabo, da lakabi an ƙirƙira su don bambanta matattun ƙwayoyin da suka rigaya da waɗanda suke da rai, amma galibi suna aiki ne kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin su shuɗe kuma suna iya zama mai guba ga sel idan aka shafa su.

Linsley ya ce: “Muna son alamar da ke dawwama har tsawon rayuwar tantanin halitta—ba ‘yan sa’o’i ba kawai—sannan ya ba da sigina sarai bayan takamaiman lokacin da tantanin halitta ya mutu.

Linsley, Finkbeiner, da abokan aikinsu sun haɗa na'urori masu auna sigina na calcium, waɗanda aka ƙera a asali don gano matakan calcium a cikin tantanin halitta. Yayin da tantanin halitta ya mutu kuma membranes ɗinsa ya zama ɗigo, wani sakamako na gefe shine cewa calcium yana shiga cikin cytosol na ruwa na tantanin halitta, wanda yawanci yana da ƙananan matakan calcium.

Don haka, Linsley ya ƙera na'urori masu auna sigina don zama a cikin cytosol, inda za su yi haske kawai lokacin da matakan calcium ya karu zuwa matakin da ke nuna mutuwar tantanin halitta. Sabbin na'urori masu auna firikwensin, waɗanda aka fi sani da alamar ƙirar mutuwa (GEDI, mai suna Jedi a cikin Star Wars), ana iya saka su cikin kowane nau'in tantanin halitta kuma suna nuna cewa tantanin halitta yana raye ko ya mutu a tsawon rayuwar tantanin halitta.

Don gwada amfani da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da aka sake tsarawa, ƙungiyar ta sanya manyan rukunonin ƙwayoyin cuta-kowane yana ɗauke da GEDI-a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa. Bayan hangen nesa fiye da miliyan sel, a wasu lokuta masu saurin kamuwa da neurodegeneration kuma a wasu sun fallasa ga mahaɗan masu guba, masu binciken sun gano cewa firikwensin GEDI ya fi daidai fiye da sauran alamun mutuwar tantanin halitta: babu wani akwati guda inda firikwensin ya kasance. kunna kuma wani tantanin halitta ya kasance da rai. Bugu da ƙari, ban da wannan daidaito, GEDI kuma da alama yana gano mutuwar tantanin halitta a matakin farko fiye da hanyoyin da suka gabata-kusa da "ma'anar rashin dawowa" don mutuwar kwayar halitta.

Linsley ya ce: “Wannan yana ba ka damar raba rayayyun ƙwayoyin halitta da matattu a hanyar da ba ta taɓa yiwuwa ba.

Gano Mutuwar Mutum

Linsley ya ambaci GEDI ga ɗan'uwansa-Drew Linsley, PhD, mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Brown wanda ya ƙware wajen yin amfani da hankali na wucin gadi zuwa manyan bayanan ilimin halitta. Dan uwansa ya ba da shawarar cewa masu binciken su yi amfani da na'urar firikwensin, tare da tsarin koyon injin, don koyar da tsarin kwamfuta don gane ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa masu rai da matattu bisa ga siffar tantanin halitta kawai.

Tawagar ta haɗe da sakamako daga sabon firikwensin tare da daidaitattun bayanai masu haske akan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya, kuma sun koyar da ƙirar kwamfuta, mai suna BO-CNN, don gane ƙirar haske na yau da kullun da ke da alaƙa da yadda ƙwayoyin mutuwa suke kama. Samfurin, 'yan'uwan Linsley sun nuna, ya kasance kashi 96 cikin 100 daidai kuma ya fi abin da masu lura da mutane za su iya yi, kuma ya fi sau XNUMX sauri fiye da hanyoyin da suka gabata na bambance rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da matattu.

“Ga wasu nau’in tantanin halitta, yana da matukar wahala mutum ya iya gane ko tantanin halitta yana raye ko ya mutu—amma tsarin kwamfutocin mu, ta hanyar koyi da GEDI, ya sami damar bambance su bisa wasu sassan hotunan da ba mu sani ba a baya. sun taimaka wajen bambance rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da matattu,” in ji Jeremy Linsley.

Dukansu GEDI da BO-CNN yanzu za su ƙyale masu binciken su gudanar da sabon bincike mai zurfi don gano lokacin da kuma inda ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa suka mutu-mahimmanci mai mahimmanci ga wasu cututtuka masu mahimmanci. Hakanan za su iya tantance magunguna don ikon su na jinkirta ko guje wa mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin cututtukan neurodegenerative. Ko kuma, game da ciwon daji, za su iya nemo magungunan da ke gaggauta mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta.

"Wadannan fasahohin sune masu canza wasa a cikin ikonmu na fahimtar inda, lokacin, da kuma dalilin da yasa mutuwa ke faruwa a cikin sel," in ji Finkbeiner. "A karon farko, da gaske za mu iya amfani da sauri da sikelin da aka samar ta hanyar ci gaban da aka samu ta hanyar yin amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa don gano ainihin mutuwar kwayar halitta, kuma muyi kyau kafin lokacin mutuwa. Muna fatan wannan zai iya haifar da ƙarin takamaiman hanyoyin warkewa don yawancin cututtukan neurodegenerative waɗanda har yanzu ba su warkewa ba. ”