Ma'aikatan Afirka ta Kudu a bangaren ruwan inabi suna yaki da rashin kyawun yanayin aiki ga ma'aikatan gona a gonakin inabi da dama a kasar kuma masu sayar da giya suna tallafawa ayyukansu.

Bisa ga Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam (HRW), Ma'aikatan gonakin giya da 'ya'yan itace a Afirka ta Kudu suna zaune a cikin gidaje marasa dacewa don zama, suna fuskantar magungunan kashe qwari ba tare da kayan aikin tsaro masu dacewa ba, suna da iyaka (idan akwai) damar shiga bayan gida ko ruwan sha yayin aiki kuma suna da shinge da yawa ga wakilcin ƙungiyoyi. .

Dukiyar Tattalin Arziki

Ma'aikatan gona suna ƙara miliyoyin daloli ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu; duk da haka, mutanen da ke samar da kayan suna cikin mafi karancin albashi a kasar. Dangane da bayanan kungiyar Vine and Wine (OVI, 2021) mai hedkwata a Paris, Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance ta takwas a cikin manyan kasashe masu samar da ruwan inabi a duniya, bayan Jamus da Portugal, bayan Australia, Chile, da Argentina.

The masana'antar giya a Yammacin Cape da Arewacin Cape yana ba da gudummawar R550 (kimanin dalar Amurka biliyan 30) ga tattalin arzikin cikin gida kuma yana ɗaukar kusan mutane 269,000. Girbin shekara-shekara yana samar da kusan tan miliyan 1.5 na niƙaƙƙen inabi, yana samar da lita miliyan 947+/- na giya. Rikodin tallace-tallace na cikin gida lita miliyan 430 na giya; jimlar tallace-tallacen fitar da kayayyaki miliyan 387.9.

Akwai 546+/- da aka jera inabi a Afirka ta Kudu tare da 37 kawai suna murkushe ton 10,000 na inabi (samar da shari'o'in giya 63 a kowace tan; 756 kwalabe kowace tan). Yawancin ruwan inabi da aka samar fari ne (55.1%) ciki har da Chenin Blanc (18.6%); Kolombar (d) (11.1%); Sauvignon Blanc (10.9%); Chardonnay (7.2%); Muscat d'Alexandrie (1.6%); Semillon (1.1%); Muscat de Frontignan (0.9%); da Viognier (0.8%).

Kimanin kashi 44.9% na gonakin inabin Afirka ta Kudu suna samar da jajayen iri ciki har da Cabernet Sauvignon (10.8%); Shiraz/Syrah (10.8%); Pinotage (7.3%); Merlot (5.9%); Ruby Cabernet (2.1%); Cinsau (1.9%); Pinot Noir (1.3%) da Cabernet Franc (0.9%).

Yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa ko da yake Afirka ta Kudu sanannen mai samar da ruwan inabi mai kyau ne, abin sha na giya a tsakanin 'yan Afirka ta Kudu shine giya (75% na jimlar shan barasa), sannan abubuwan sha na 'ya'yan itacen giya da masu sanyaya ruhu (12%). Amfanin ruwan inabi yana da kashi 10% kawai, tare da ruhohin da ke zuwa a ƙarshe a 3%.

Inabin da aka fi so

Farar Fata

Chardonnay yana da kashi 7.2% na duk gonar inabinsa. Chardonnay yana kula da zama matsakaici-jiki da tsari; duk da haka, wasu furodusoshi sun fi son yin salon Tsohon Duniya (nauyi da katako), yayin da wasu ke zaɓar hanyar Sabuwar Duniya (mai sauƙi da mara nauyi).

Innabi na Chenin Blanc yana daya daga cikin noman inabi na farko da Jan van Riebeek ya gabatar da shi zuwa Cape (karni na 17). Yana da babban acidity wanda ya sa ya zama innabi iri-iri don samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan ruwan inabi daga har yanzu, bushe, da kyalkyali zuwa ingantattun ruwan inabi masu daɗi. Yana da yawan amfanin ƙasa, mai yawa, kuma yana tsirowa a ƙasar da bai dace da sauran nau'in inabin farin ba.

An shuka nau'in Colombar (d) a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1920s kuma yanzu shine na biyu mafi dashen inabi a cikin ƙasar. An yi amfani da shi da farko azaman ruwan inabi mai tushe don samar da brandy har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 lokacin da Cape Winemakers suka gano yana iya samar da ruwan inabi mai daɗi tare da abun ciki mai kyau na acid yana tabbatar da sabo, 'ya'yan itace, da gogewar ƙoƙon baki mai ban sha'awa. An haɓaka shi daga hayewar Chenin Blanc tare da Heunisch Weiss (aka Gouias Blanc).

Sauvignon Blanc yana gabatar da ruwan inabi mai kauri da wartsake. Rubuce-rubucen farko a cikin Cape kwanan wata zuwa 1880s; duk da haka, yawan cututtuka ya haifar da yawancin gonakin inabin da aka yage aka sake dasa su a cikin 1940s. Wannan nau'in shine na uku da aka dasa farin giya a Afirka ta Kudu kuma salon yana gudana daga kore da ciyawa zuwa haske da 'ya'yan itace.

Jajayen Inabi

An fara rikodin Cabernet Sauvignon a Afirka ta Kudu a karshen 1800s. A cikin 1980s ya zama kashi 2.8% na dukan gonakin inabi; yanzu ana samunsa a kashi 11% na gonakin inabi. Bambance-bambancen yana samar da ingantattun ruwan inabi waɗanda ke haɓaka da kyau tare da shekaru kuma suna girma zuwa yaji, cikakken jiki, ƙwarewar ɗanɗano mai rikitarwa. Giyayen suna fitowa daga tsananin ƙamshi na ƙamshi, yaji da ganyaye a ɓangarorin ɓangarorin, ko kuma mai laushi da kyan gani tare da bayanin kula na berry. Hakanan ana samun shi a cikin gaurayawan salon Bordeaux.

Shiraz/Syrah ya samo asali ne tun a shekarun 1980. Ita ce nau'in innabi na biyu mafi shuka ja wanda ke wakiltar kashi 10% na shuka wanda shaharar Shiraz ta Australiya ta haifar a cikin 1980s. Salon da aka gabatar a matsayin smokey, da yaji suna tasowa akan lokaci; akai-akai amfani da su a cikin gaurayawan salon Rhone.

Merlot ya fara ne a matsayin gonar inabin hectare guda a cikin 1977 kuma ya karu ana samunsa a kusan kashi 6% na gonakin inabin ja. Yana girma da wuri, yana da sirara-fatu, kuma yana da matukar damuwa ga fari da ke haifar da girma da samar da ƙalubale. A al'adance ana amfani da su a cikin gaurayawan salon salon Rhone don ƙara laushi da faɗin zuwa Cabernet Sauvignon, ana ƙara yin kwalabe a matsayin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau‘i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) wanda aka yi amfani da shi don ƙara laushi da fadi zuwa Cabernet Sauvignon.

Pinotage wani shuka ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda Farfesa Abraham Perold ya kirkira a cikin 1925 kuma giciye ne tsakanin Pinot Noir da Hermitage (Cinsault). A halin yanzu, ana iya samun shi a kusan 7.3% na gonakin inabi. Pinotage ba shi da farin jini a kasuwannin fitarwa amma abin da aka fi so a cikin ƙasar. 'Ya'yan inabin suna iya samar da hadaddun giya masu ban sha'awa da 'ya'ya yayin da suka tsufa amma suna da daɗi yayin da suke ƙanana. Salon sha mai sauƙi na Pinotage yana samar da fure da ruwan inabi masu kyalli. Shi ne babban abin da ake hadawa a Cape wanda ke samar da kashi 30-70% na ruwan inabin da ake sayarwa a Afirka ta Kudu.

Aikawa

A cikin 2020, an fitar da kusan kashi 16% na ruwan inabin da aka samar (lita miliyan 480). An kai matakin ne saboda karuwar bukatu daga kasuwannin Afirka da dabarun masana'antu na bunkasa fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje. An samu bunkasuwa wajen fitar da giya zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka daga kashi 5% a shekarar 2003 zuwa kashi 21% a shekarar 2019. Ana sa ran za a ci gaba da yin hakan yayin da ake aiwatar da yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta nahiyar Afirka (wanda aka zartar a shekarar 2021) kuma ta fara aiki (2030). Kasashen membobin sun gabatar da yuwuwar kasuwa na mutane biliyan 1.2 da jimillar jimillar kayan cikin gida na dala tiriliyan 2.5. Wannan dai shi ne karshen tattaunawar da aka fara a shekarar 2015 tsakanin shugabannin kasashen Afirka 54.

Afirka ta Kudu tana da yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci tare da EU kuma tana fitar da kayayyaki zuwa Amurka ta hanyar yarjejeniya ba tare da haraji ba a karkashin dokar samun damar ci gaban Afirka (AGOA. Mafi girman fitar da giya mai yawa ne kuma EU ita ce kasuwa mafi girma.

Ƙungiyoyin da ke wakiltar masana'antar giya sun haɗa da:

• Associationungiyar Mallakan Giya ta Afirka ta Kudu (SALBA). Masu masana'anta da masu rarraba kayan sayar da barasa a kan batutuwan da suka dace (watau jan hankalin gwamnati kan al'amuran da suka dace).

• Tsarin Bayanai na Masana'antu na Afirka ta Kudu (SAWIS) yana tallafawa masana'antar ruwan inabi ta hanyar tattarawa, bincike, da yada bayanan masana'antu; gudanar da tsarin Wine of Origin na masana'antu.

• VINPRO. Masu samar da ruwan inabi, cellars, da masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu kan batutuwan da ke tasiri ga riba da dorewar membobin da masana'antu gabaɗaya (watau ƙwarewar fasaha, ayyuka na musamman daga kimiyyar ƙasa zuwa viticulture, tattalin arzikin noma, canji, da haɓakawa).

• Wines of Africa ta Kudu (WOSA). Yana wakiltar masu samar da ruwan inabi waɗanda ke fitar da kayansu; gwamnati ta amince da shi a matsayin Majalisar Fitarwa.

• Winetech. Sadarwar cibiyoyi masu shiga da daidaikun mutane masu tallafawa masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Afirka ta Kudu tare da bincike da canja wurin fasaha.

Matakai zuwa Giya ta Afirka ta Kudu

A wani shirin inabi na New York Astor Wine Center na Afirka ta Kudu na kwanan nan, an gabatar da ni ga yawancin giya masu ban sha'awa daga Afirka ta Kudu. Shawarwari don shiga cikin duniyar giyar Afirka ta Kudu ta haɗa da:

• 2020. Carven, gonar inabin Firs, 100% Syrah. Shekarun vines: shekaru 22. Viticulture. Organic/mai dorewa. Shekaru 10 watanni a tsaka tsaki 5500L Faransa tonneau (ganga; bakin ciki tare da damar 300-750 lita). Stellenbosch.

Stellenbosch shine yanki mafi mahimmanci kuma sanannen yankin samar da ruwan inabi a Afirka ta Kudu. Tana cikin Yankin Tekun Yammacin Cape, ita ce mafi tsufa ta biyu a Afirka ta Kudu bayan Cape Town kuma sanannen wuraren ruwan inabi.

An kafa shi a bakin kogin Eerste a cikin 1679, an sanya masa suna don Gwamna, Simon van der Stel. Masu zanga-zangar Huguenot na Faransa da ke gujewa zalunci na addini a Turai sun isa Cape, sun sami hanyar zuwa garin a cikin 1690s, kuma suka fara shuka inabi. A yau, Stellenbosch gida ne ga kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na duk inabin da aka dasa a ƙasar.

Ƙasar tana ƙarfafa bambance-bambance a cikin salon ruwan inabi tare da yawancin yanayi na meso-climates. Ƙasar tana da granite, shale, da dutsen yashi kuma tsohuwar ƙasa tana cikin mafi tsufa a duniya. Gefen tsaunuka galibi granite ne da ba su da ƙarfi, yana hana zubar ruwa kuma yana ƙara ma'adinai; benayen kwari suna da babban yumbu mai abun ciki tare da kyawawan abubuwan kiyaye ruwa. Isasshen ruwan sama a lokacin hunturu yana baiwa manoma damar ci gaba da yin ban ruwa kaɗan, Yanayin yana da ɗan zafi da bushewa tare da sanyaya iskan kudu maso gabas da ke yawo a cikin gonakin inabi da rana.

Wurin Gine-gine

Mick da Jeanine Craven sun fara aikin inabin su a cikin 2013, kuma suna samar da (na musamman) gonar inabin guda ɗaya, ruwan inabi iri-iri waɗanda ke nuna ta'addanci daban-daban a kusa da Stellenbosch. Firs Vineyard mallakar Deon Joubert ne kuma yayi noma a kwarin Devon. Ƙasar tana da wadata, mai zurfi, da ja tare da babban abun ciki na yumbu suna haɓaka barkono, ƙwarewar nama wanda masu sha'awar Syrah masu sanyin yanayi suka yaba.

Ganyayyakin inabin ana girbe su da hannu kuma an haɗe su gabaɗaya gabaɗaya a cikin buɗaɗɗen bakin-karfe. Ana tattake gunkin ƙafafu da sauƙi don fitar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace kaɗan kuma ana biye da su a hankali sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowace rana don rage yawan hakar da kuma kula da yawancin bunches sosai gwargwadon yiwuwa.

Bayan kwanaki tara ana danna inabi a hankali a cikin tsofaffin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) don girma na kimanin watanni 500. Ana zuba ruwan inabin ba tare da takura ko tacewa ba amma tare da ƙaramin sulfur.

Notes:

Ruby ja zuwa ido, hanci yana samun alamun barkono mai kararrawa, ganye, hayaki, ma'adinai, itacen oak, da blackberry; matsakaici tannins. Dabbobin daji da rasberi, plums, da jam suna samun hanyarsu zuwa ɓangarorin tare da matsakaicin matsakaici tare da shawarwarin halayen kore/samu.

Tsawon kai ko Ci gaban Hankali

• Masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Afirka ta Kudu na fuskantar mummunan yanayi a cikin sarkar darajar:

1. Karancin gilashi

2. Kalubalen fitarwa/fito da shi a tashar ruwa ta Cape Town

3. Bambanci tsakanin karuwar kashi 15% na hauhawar farashin kayan gona da karuwar farashin ruwan inabi 3-5%.

4. Haɓaka haramtacciyar kasuwa

• Domin daurewa da ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu ya kamata:

1. Matsa zuwa matsayi mai ƙima a cikin kasuwar duniya

2. Mai da hankali kan haɓaka mai haɗa kai

3. Ƙoƙari don dorewar muhalli da kuɗi

4. Bincike da ɗaukar tsarin samarwa masu wayo don tabbatar da tabbataccen makoma

5. Dasa ciyawar da ta dace a kan wuraren da suka dace yayin da ake la'akari da tushen tushen da zai iya jure fari.

6. Yi amfani da ruwa da kyau ta hanyar aiwatar da tsarin sa ido wanda ke ci gaba da auna idan, yaushe, da nawa za'a ban ruwa

7. Zuba jari a cikin mutane ta hanyar horarwa

8. Yi amfani da samfurin da aka shirya don sha kuma kuyi la’akari da girman girma, salo, da marufi kuma bincika dama ga samfuran shirye-shiryen sha waɗanda yawanci sanyi, carbonated, da gaurayewa.

9. Yawan shan giya na gargajiya yana raguwa; duk da haka, wasu masu siye suna ƙara himma da mai da hankali sosai, suna goyan bayan haɓaka damar sha a gida

10. Masu amfani da shekara ta dubunnan da Gen Z suna tuƙi zuwa ga matsakaicin sha da mara ƙarancin giya.

11. Tashoshin kasuwancin e-commerce suna haɓaka da haɓakawa; Aikace-aikacen isar da saƙon kan layi suna ƙara shahara suna ba da dama don ƙara wayar da kan alama

12. Yawon shakatawa na ruwan inabi don ɗaukar wani muhimmin bangare a cikin shirin ci gaban dabarun masana'antu

13. SA wineries ya kamata a kwatanta kansu da data kasance da kuma nan gaba ruwan inabi yawon bude ido hankali nan gaba dangane da abun da ke ciki, baƙo statistics, da kuma kashe kudi.

Agogo yana kurawa. Yanzu ne lokacin da za a yi amfani da damar don matsawa da gaske don haɓaka kyakkyawar makomar ruwan inabi mai nasara.