Adabi shine sabuwar hanyar yawon buda ido ta kasar Portugal

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki game da Portugal shine zurfin da ba ya misaltuwa da wadatar wallafe-wallafe, duk daga al'umma mai girman Indiana. Daga sarakunan ƙarni na 13 waɗanda su ma mawaƙa ne, zuwa lambar yabo ta Nobel na wallafe-wallafe, ana samun al'adun Portugal a cikin shafukan marubutanta. Me yasa kasar nan?

Na farko, Portugal ita ce ƙasar Turai ta farko da ta karɓi harshenta na asali a matsayin harshen hukuma. Kotunan sarauta da kotuna sun yi amfani da Latin a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, amma sarki na shida na Portugal–Dom Dinis (1261-1325) - ya zartar da harshen mutane kuma ya mai da shi harshen gwamnati.

Abu na biyu, Portugal ba ta kasance al'ummar fadace-fadace ba - garuruwa da birane suna da hakki da gata da sarki da kuma 'yan kasuwa (tsakiya) suka bunƙasa cikin sauƙi, tare da haɓaka ilimi da karatu. Na uku, Portugal ta tashi don ganowa da samun ci gaba, daidai lokacin da sauran ƙasashe ke ci gaba da murmurewa daga Mutuwar Baƙar fata da kuma Yaƙin Shekaru ɗari. Ƙarnuka masu rikice-rikice sun biyo baya-duk waɗannan sun ba da gudummawa ga al'umma da ke da labari.

Anan ga wasu daga cikin mutane da wuraren da suka yi aiki don sa ƙasar Portugal ta yau ta wadata cikin adabi.

FERNANDO PESSOA: MASANIN KASASHEN HALITTA
Kwanan nan New York Times ta ba da labari mai haske game da ma'anar mawaƙin Pessoa (1888-1935) a yau. Wannan mawaƙi mai natsuwa, mai lura ya iya kama ruhin Portuguese ta hanyar da ta guje wa duk wanda ya yi ƙoƙari-ciki har da sauran Portuguese. Mutum-mutumin nasa yana zaune, kamar yadda ya yi, a tebur a karni na 19 A Brasileira Café a cikin sashin Chiado na cikin garin Lisbon. Har yanzu yana kallon garin da ke kusa da shi. Gidan da ya zauna a makare a rayuwarsa gidan kayan tarihi ne a yau. Pessoa ya rubuta ƙarƙashin nau'ikan haruffa daban-daban - haruffan da ya ƙirƙira. Akalla 72 daga cikinsu an san su kuma mafi yawanci shine Alberto Caeiro, makiyayi; Ricardo Reis, mutum ne mai haruffa; da Alvaro de Campos, ruhun 'yanci.

CAMÕES: MAWAKI MAI KABARI BIYU DA KABARI WANDA BA SAN BA.
Pantheon na ƙasar Portugal a Lisbon ya ƙunshi kabari mai ban sha'awa ga mutumin da ake ɗauka a matsayin mawaƙin mawaƙin Portuguese. Sunan Luís Vaz de Camões (1525-1580) yana da walƙiya a kan kabarin, amma ciki babu kowa. Kogin ƙasa a babban gidan sufi na Jerónimos, wanda aka gina don murnar dawowar Vasco da Gama a 1498 daga gano hanyar teku zuwa Asiya, wani Gothic ne kuma ƙaƙƙarfan kabari. Yana kusa da kabarin babban argonaut–Da Gama da kansa ˆ kuma yana wurin Camões, wanda ɗan uwan ​​Da Gama ne. Babu komai kuma. Waƙar almara ta Camões' 10-Canto, Os Lusíadas, ta haɗu da allahn tatsuniyoyi, balaguron Vasco da Gama, da kuma rayuwar mawaƙin a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan adam mai motsi wanda ya zarce dabi'a kuma yana magana da dukkan bil'adama. A zahiri ba a san inda aka binne shi ba.

An haife shi a shekara ta 1525, Camões ya mutu a cikin duhu a shekara ta 1580. Ranar da ya mutu ita ce ranar ƙasar Portugal. Amma abubuwa da yawa na rayuwarsa sun ɓace. An haife shi ga dangi mai daraja ko dai a Lisbon ko Coimbra a shekara ta 1524. Mahaifinsa kyaftin ne na teku, wanda aka kashe a cikin wani hatsarin jirgin ruwa. Lallai ya dauki lokaci ya yi karatu a Coimbra Jami'ar an ambaci su cikin jin dadi a cikin wakokinsa. Kawunsa ya kasance dan zuhudu a gidan sufi na Santa Cruz. Camões ya san cocin karni na 12 da kyau, a matsayin wurin hutawa na sarakuna biyu na farko na Portugal. Amma Camões ya kasance wani ɓangare na ginin daular Portuguese ta teku - daga Arewacin Afirka zuwa Indiya zuwa China - kuma ya rasa ido da hannu a hidima ga sarkinsa. Camões ya sami ɗan ƙaramin fansho kuma ya rayu cikin talauci. Wani mutum-mutumi ga Camões ya hau saman filin da aka sanya masa suna a unguwar Chiado ta Lisbon. An sake dawo da shi kwanan nan, sanannen biyan kuɗi ne ya biya shi. A cikinsa siffar kamannin Allah na Camões ya ninka girman sauran mawaƙa da marubutan da ke kan tushe sau biyu ˆ yana ba shi tsayin daka da bai taɓa samu ba a rayuwarsa.

Os Lusíadas ainihin wasiƙa ce zuwa ga Sarki Dom Sebastião, roƙon a maido da Portugal ga mutunci da ɗaukakar zamanin Gama. An ba da labarin cewa mawaƙin ya karanta waƙar waƙarsa ga sarki a fadar sarki a Sintra a shekara ta 1572. Sarkin ya kira waƙarsa "isacce," kuma ya ci gaba da shirinsa na mamaye arewacin Afirka. Bayan shekaru shida, Sebastião ya jagoranci runduna mai yawa zuwa Alcazarquivir a Maroko kuma aka murkushe shi. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, yayin da Camões ke kwance a gadon mutuwarsa, Sojojin Spain suka mamaye Portugal kuma suka mamaye. Kalmomi na ƙarshe da aka sani na wannan mawaƙi, soja, da mai mafarki an rubuta ƴan kwanaki kafin mutuwarsa, yayin da Mutanen Espanya suka kusanci Lisbon. "Duk abin da zai ga cewa abin so a gare ni ita ce ƙasata har na gamsu da in mutu ba kawai a cikinta ba amma da ita." Ya mutu ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1580, kamar yadda ’yancin kai ya yi.

JOSÉ SARAMAGO: KYAUTA NOBEL PORTUGAL A WANDA YA CIN RUBUTU
José Saramago (1922-) shi ne ɗan Fotigal na farko da ya karɓi kyautar Nobel don adabi, a cikin 1998, kuma ya gabatar da rubutun Portuguese ga masu karatu a duk faɗin duniya. Yana haɗa gaskiya da almara don ƙirƙirar tunani na gaskiya akan rayuwa. Memorial dinsa na 1982 do Convento ko "Baltasar da Blimunda", an saita shi a cikin karni na 18 na Portugal lokacin da babban gidan sufi na Mafra ya tashi a cikin Inquisition, barkewar annoba, da wadatar Brazil. Baltasar, sojan gida ne kawai daga yaƙe-yaƙe, da Blimunda, ƙwaƙƙwaran da ke iya gani a zahiri a cikin mutane, sun sadu da limamin ɗan tawaye, Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão, don gina injin tashi. Bartolomeu ya wanzu, kamar yadda babban gidan sarauta yake. A yau, fadar Mafra National Palace ita ce babban abin tunawa da baroque na Portugal. Ya shahara a duniya don carillon 2 da gabobin sa 6, kuma ana ɗaukar ɗakin karatu a matsayin mafi kyawun gani a Portugal, mai juzu'i sama da 38,000. Wannan fadar ita ce wurin zaman bazara na gidan sarautar Portugal har zuwa 1910, lokacin da aka ayyana Portugal a matsayin jumhuriya.

ALEXANDRE HERCULANO: LABARI NA BAKIN JINI
Alexandre Herculano, (1810-1877) ya gabatar da labari na tarihi ga Portugal Gawar tasa tana kwance a wani kabari mai girma a cikin gidan sufi na Jerónimos a Belém, kusa da Lisbon. Herculano ya ba da labari mai ban sha'awa da ƙarfi game da al'ummarsa, amma mai yiwuwa abin da ya fi jan hankali shi ne labarin uba, ɗa, da gidan kaso. Yara 'yan makarantar Portuguese kaɗan ne suka tsere ba tare da karanta "Tale of Honor" na Herculano ba, wanda ke faruwa a Faria Castle. A cikin karni na 14, Castilians sun fi kwamandan katangar, Gonçalo Nunes, kuma sun kama mahaifinsa, Nuno Gonçalves, fursuna. Sun yi barazanar kashe Nuno idan dansa bai mika wuya ba. Nuno ya gaya wa ɗansa ya yi yaƙi har ƙarshe.

Kwamandan Castilian bai yi wasa ba kuma ya kashe Dom Nuno nan take. Amma Portuguese sun yi tsayin daka kuma bayan wani mummunan hari, Castilians sun ci nasara.

A yau, a Barcelos da ke kusa, wani mutum-mutumi na mahaifinsa da ɗansa yana tsaye a tsakiyar garin, tare da juna cikin rungumar takuba, har yanzu suna shirye don saduwa da abokan gaba.

ANTÓNIO VIEIRA DA AL'ADUN SARKI RASHI
Wannan ita ce cika shekaru 400 na haihuwar mawaƙin Jesuit, António Vieira (1608-1697). Ana yaba Vieira don ɗaukar tatsuniya na mataccen sarki kuma ya ba shi sabuwar rayuwa. Ya rubuta game da sabon karni inda sarkin Portugal da ya ɓace zai dawo duniya. Don haka, Hukumar Inquisition ta Portugal ta hukunta shi, ta hana shi yin wa’azi, kuma ya tsare shi har tsawon shekaru uku.

Labarin Dom Sebastião fitaccen jigo ne a al'adar Fotigal da adabi. Kamar yadda muka fada a sama, Sebastião shine matashin sarki da mutane da yawa suke fatan zai maido da al'ummar. Amma Sebastião ya so ya jagoranci yaƙin yaƙi, ba daular kasuwanci ba. Ya mamaye yankin Moroko kuma an ci shi gaba daya. Bai komo ba, ko da yake ba wanda ya taɓa ganin sarki ya faɗi yaƙi. Komawa Portugal, fatan ya tashi cewa zai dawo ya ceci Portugal daga abin da ya zama shekaru 60 na mamayar Spain. Labarin ya girma-Sarki zai dawo da safiya mai hazo ya kwato gadon sarautarsa. A cikin shekaru da yawa, mutane da yawa sun zo bakin teku suna da'awar cewa su ne shi. Sarki - a matsayin matashi da kuma tsoho - babban hoto ne a Portugal har yau.

A gidan tarihi na Lisbon's Museum of Art Art, kuna iya ganin hoton sarkin da ya ɓace da idanunku. A cikinta, sarkin, bai daɗe kafin yaƙin nasa na ƙarshe ba, ya yi kama da ƙarami, kuma ya yi tagumi a cikin rigar rigarsa. Hannunsa na hagu yana kama takobi; kare ya lasa dayan hannunsa. Gashinsa jajayen, idonsa mara komai, da lumshe bakinsa ya sa ya zama mahaukaci.

Source: Ofishin Yawon shakatawa na Ƙasar Portugal