Yin shari'ar shari'ar dokar tafiye-tafiye a cikin wani taron da bai dace ba

A cikin labarin na wannan makon, mun yi nazarin shari'o'i da dama da suka shafi aiwatar da sharuddan zaɓin dandalin tattaunawa a cikin kwangilolin balaguro tare da layin jirgin ruwa [Young v. Holland American Line, NV, 2016 US Dist. LEXIS 179370 (ND Cal. 2016) (rauni na jiki da aka samu a lokacin balaguron balaguro; Ba a aiwatar da maganar zaɓen dandalin tattaunawa na Washington); ma'aikacin balaguro/Ma'aikacin balaguro [Vardanyan v. Costa Rica Travel Planning, Inc., 2016 WL 7378545 (Cal. App. 2016) (mutuwar kuskure a Costa Rica; Ƙarfin zaɓen taron dandalin Colorado; An yi amfani da dokar Colorado)] da aikace-aikacen koyaswar forum ba dacewa ba a lokuta masu haɗari a otal-otal ko wuraren shakatawa na waje [Wilmot v. Marriott Hurghada Management, Inc., No. 16-3211 (3d Cir. 2017) (ɗan ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya ya sami rauni a gefen tafkin a otal a Masar; motsi yin watsi da dalilai na dandalin da ba a yarda da su ba; Delaware bai dace da dandalin tattaunawa ba; Masar ko Burtaniya isassun wuraren taro; Brown v. Marriott International, Inc., No. 14-CV-5960 (SLT)(MDG) (EDNY 2017)(Dan ƙasar Amurka ya zame ya faɗi a otal a St. Kitts, British West Indies; yunƙurin yin watsi da dalilai na taron da ba a yarda da su ba, St. Guezou v. Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut, 2017 NY Slip Op 31688(U)('Yan kasar Faransa da suka ji rauni a bakin teku a Lebanon lokacin da kujerar bakin teku ta ruguje; yunƙurin yin watsi da dalilai na taron da ba a yarda da shi ba; Lebanon isasshiyar forum)]. Dubi kuma: Dickerson, A cikin Dokar Otal, Mafi kyawun Tsaro Shine Tsarin Zaɓuɓɓukan Zauren Zaɓuɓɓuka, newyorklawjournal (5/26/2017) (yana tattaunawa St. Aubin v. Island Hotel Company, 2017 US Dist. LEXIS 37042 (SD Fla.2017) (Dan ƙasar Amurka da ya ji rauni a wurin shakatawa a Nassau; Bahamas ba a aiwatar da maganar zaɓen taron ba); Molino v. Sagamore, 105 AD 3d 922 (NYAD 2016) (baƙo ya sami rauni a otal a Warren County, New York; an aiwatar da batun zaɓin taron). Har ila yau labarinmu na baya game da wannan batu: Dickerson, Ƙididdigar zaɓin dandalin tattaunawa a cikin kwangilar tafiya: Ya kamata a buƙaci isasshen sanarwa? eturbonews (11/15/2015).

Sabunta Manufofin Ta'addanci

Myanmar

A cikin Beech, 'yan Rohingya suna shan wahala na gaske. To Me Ya Sa Wasu Daga Cikin Labarunsu Ba Gaskiya ba ne?, a kowane lokaci (2/1/2018) an lura cewa “A kowane sansanin ’yan gudun hijira, ana ɓata bala’i. Ƙungiyoyin agaji suna so su taimaka wa mabukata kuma mutane da sauri sun gane cewa labarin ƴan'uwa mata marayu huɗu yana da daraja fiye da na dangin da suka rasa dukiyoyinsu kawai… Irin waɗannan dabarun dabarun tsira ne na halitta… -Kisan kai, fyade da kone-konen kauyuka-wanda jami'an tsaron Myanmar suka yi wa 'yan Rohingya. Kuma irin wadannan labaran da aka kawata kawai sun haifar da cece-kuce a gwamnatin Myanmar cewa abin da ke faruwa a jihar Rakhine ba wai kawar da kabilanci ba ne kamar yadda kasashen duniya suka nuna, yaudara ce ta mahara daga kasashen waje.

Binciken Yaƙin Magunguna na Philippines

A Villamor, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa za ta binciki Duerte kan Yakin Miyagun Kwayoyi, nytimes (2/8/2018) “A ranar Talata ne kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ta ce tana bude wani bincike na farko kan zargin da ake yi wa Shugaba Rodrigo Duerte da wasu jami’an kasar Philippines da aikata laifuka. Humanity a yayin da gwamnati ke murkushe muggan kwayoyi...Harry Roque, kakakin shugaban kasar Philippine, ya ce matakin da gwamnatin kasar ta dauka na ‘yancin ‘yan sanda ne, kuma shugaban ya yi maraba da hukuncin kotun da ke Hague”.

Parkland, Florida, Amurka

A Burch & Mazzei, Florida School Shooting Death Toll is at 17 and Canould Rise, nytimes (2/14/2018) an lura da cewa "Wani matashi dauke da makamai ya shiga tsohuwar makarantar sakandarensa kimanin sa'a daya a arewa maso yammacin Miami ranar Laraba. bude wuta kan dalibai da malamai da suka firgita tare da yin sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 17 wanda ka iya karuwa fiye da haka…Dalibai sun yi cunkusa a cikin azuzuwan su, inda wasu suka rika horas da wayar salula kan kashe-kashen, inda suka kama gawarwakin mutane, kururuwa da harbe-harbe da aka fara da ‘yan harbe-harbe. sannan yaci gaba da kara. Wadanda suka mutun sun hada da dalibai da manya, wadanda aka harbe wasu a wajen makarantar, wasu kuma a cikin fili mai hawa uku. An bayyana sunan dan bindigar dauke da bindiga kirar AR-15 mai suna Nikolas Cruz, dan shekara 19 da aka kora daga makarantar”.

Kwatancen Ketare iyaka

A cikin Aguilar, Daga Gidajen tarihi zuwa tsaunuka, girman kai da kishin kasa, nytimes (2/6/2018) an lura da cewa "Iyakar da ke tsakanin Amurka da Mexico tana cikin labarai kowace rana, a cikin muhawarar da ke gudana game da shige da fice da kashe kudade kan ayyukan tsaro. . Amma menene kamar ziyartar wuraren da ke kan iyaka? Don ganowa, marubuta don Tafiya sun shafe lokaci a wurare guda biyar: Brownsville, Tex., Da Matamoros, Mexico; Bif Bend National Park da Boquillas; San Diego da Tijuana; Nogales, Ariz, da Nogales, Mexico; da El Paso da Ciudad Juarez.

An Kashe Masanin Namun Daji A Kenya

A Gettleman, Babu Wanda ake zargi da Killing na Eccentric Ba'amurke, Masanin Namun Daji na Kenya, nytimes (2/5/2018) an lura da cewa "Ya kasance mai taka rawa a fagen namun daji na Kenya… da ƙahon karkanda. Yanzu shi ne wanda aka kashe a wani sirrin kisan kai…Ba a bayyana ko an kashe Mista Martin, mai shekaru 76 ba, dangane da ra'ayinsa ko aikinsa. Babu shakka yana da makiya da dama, inda ya rubuta rahoto bayan rahoton da ya fallasa zurfin cinikin hauren giwa da kahon karkanda a duk fadin duniya da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubun dubatar dabbobin da ke cikin hadari, mutuwarsa ta haifar da girgizar kasa a sassan dajin na gabashin Afirka”.

Za a gurfanar da masu fafutuka na Majorca

A cikin masu zanga-zangar yawon bude ido a Majorca suna fuskantar tuhuma, Travelwirenews (2/9/2018) an lura cewa "Rukunin da ake kira Arran Paisos Catalans sun ce yawan yawon bude ido yana lalata tsibirin Majorca. Ya afkawa Palma marina a watan Yulin da ya gabata, inda ya kunna wuta kusa da jiragen ruwa na alfarma. Masu fafutuka sun kuma yi jifa da masu cin abinci masu firgita a wani gidan abinci da ke kusa. An zarge su da lalata jama'a, lalacewa da kuma barazana. "

Airbnb Ya Bude Zuwa Rarraba Otal

A cikin Airbnb bisa hukuma Ya buɗe Har zuwa Rarraba-Tafiya na mako-mako, Travelwirenews (2/8/2018) an lura cewa "Airbnb shine zai ba da damar otal da sauran masu ba da masauki su jera akan rukunin yanar gizon a karon farko ta hanyar rarraba ɓangare na uku na hukuma. hanyar sadarwa. Siteminder zai zama dandamali na farko da zai yi aiki a matsayin mai sarrafa tashoshi a kan sikelin duniya don a iya nuna tarin kaddarorin sa tare da kaddarorin da ke akwai daga rundunonin Airbnb".

Zuba Wannan Hamster, Don Allah

A cikin wata mata ta AP Florida: Kamfanin jirgin sama ya gaya mani in zubar da hamster Pet, msn (2/9/2018) an lura cewa "Wata macen Florida ta ce wani jirgin sama ya ce mata ta zubar da hamster dinta a bayan bayan gida na filin jirgin sama saboda ba a yarda rodent din ba. don tashi da ita…The Miami Herald rahoton kafin Belen Aldecosea ya tashi gida daga kwaleji zuwa Kudancin Florida, sau biyu ta kira Spirit Airlines don tabbatar da cewa za ta iya kawo Pebbles, Pet dwarf hamster, No Matsala, in ji kamfanin jirgin. Amma lokacin da (ta) ta isa filin jirgin saman Baltimore, Ruhu ya ƙi barin dabbar ta hau. 'Yar shekaru 21 ta shaida wa jaridar cewa ta yi watsi da Pebbles a shawarar ma'aikacin jirgin sama, bayan da ta rasa wasu zabuka…'Ta tsorata. Na tsorata, ƙoƙarin saka ta a bandaki ne mai ban tsoro, 'in ji Aldecosea.

Dakatar da Karɓar Abubuwan Alfarma, Don Allah

A cikin shari'ar Ikklisiya ta AP ta haifar da horarwa ga masu duba filin jirgin, wtop (2/8/2018) an lura cewa "akwatin katako yana ɗauke da gashin gaggafa da busar ƙashi, ƙwanƙwasa gourd da fuka-fukan fuka-fuki-abubuwa masu ɗaukar kuzari na ruhaniya kuma suna ana amfani da su a cikin bukukuwan addini na Amirkawa. Mutumin da ke rike da akwatin ya nemi jami’an tsaro a filin jirgin sama na San Antonio da su ba shi damar baje kolin kayayyakin don kada karfinsu ya gurbata. Wakilan sun ki yarda, da kusan sarrafa kayan tare da tura su a cikin akwatin, a cewar Sandor Iron Rope, tsohon shugaban Cocin Amurkawa na Arewacin Amurka. A watan da ya gabata ne aka sasanta karar da ya shigar a kan hukumar ta (TSA), ba tare da wani bangare da ya amince da laifinsa ba, kuma hukumar ta amince ta kara wayar da kan ma’aikatanta game da abubuwan da suka shafi addini ‘yan asalin Amurka a filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama sama da goma a fadin kasar”.

Kuskuren Inshorar Balaguro na Cruise

A cikin Manyan Kurakurai guda 4 da za su iya sanya inshorar balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro ba shi da daraja, Travelwirenews (2/7/2018) an lura da cewa “Rikicin da ya karya lokacin guguwa na 2017 wanda ya lalata shahararrun wuraren balaguron balaguro da kuma lokacin sanyi wanda ya rufe wasu filayen jirgin na dan lokaci ya haifar da matafiya da yawa. don asarar kuɗi… Jagoran kamfanonin kwatanta inshorar balaguro, Squaremouth, ya bayyana yadda za a guje wa manyan kurakurai guda huɗu waɗanda za su iya yin manufa mara amfani. Kuskure Na 1 Jira Har Sai Akwai Mummunan Yanayi Don Samun Inshorar Balaguro… da zarar guguwa ko guguwar hunturu ta yi suna, ya yi latti don inshorar balaguro… Kuskure Na 2: Shan Barasa da ɗaukan An rufe Gaggawar Lafiyar ku. Inshorar tafiye-tafiye na iya ɗaukar jirgin ruwa mai tsada sai dai idan matafiyi ya bugu…. Kuskure Na 3: Tsammanin An Kashe Gaggawar Lafiyar ku A Lokacin Duk Balagurowar Tekun… ƙila ba za ta gane cewa wata manufa na iya ware ƙananan ayyuka masu tasiri kamar kayak ko hawa a cikin balloon iska mai zafi… Kuskure Na 4: Zuwa (a) Tashar Tashar Tashar ku da Farko da ɗaukan an rufe ku.

Motsa jiki Yayin Tafiya

A cikin Vora, Yadda ake Daidaita a Motsa jiki Yayin da kuke Tafiya, a kowane lokaci (2/8/2018) an lura cewa “Ms. Lang (mai ba da horo na sirri na tushen New York) a zahiri yana da tukwici da yawa kan yadda ake samun motsa jiki yayin tafiya. Ga wasu…Kwarewa Muhallinku Ta Ayyukan… Createirƙiri Yawon shakatawa naku… Fara Ranarku Tare da Mini Workout…Kada ku Jira A Layi…Maimakon tsayawa da jira a hankali… Ms. Lang ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da lokacinku don yin motsa jiki guda uku. wanda abokan gaban ku ba za su lura ba: ɗan maraƙi yana ɗagawa, wanda ke ƙarfafa ƙafafu na ƙasa, matsi, inda za ku ƙara glutes ɗin ku kuma ku riƙe gwargwadon abin da za ku iya kafin sakin, don sautin bayan baya da numfashin ciki, inda za ku fitar da numfashi yayin da kuke ja. Ciki a ciki kuma ku ci gaba da shakarwa da fitar da numfashi yayin da kuke kara jan shi, don kara karfin zuciyar ku. Kuna iya samun wasu kamannun kamanni, amma sakamakon zai yi daraja. "

Juyawar Canjin Tsaron Jirgin Kasa

A Haag, An Rasa Tsarin Siginar don Inganta Tsaro Kafin Fatal Amtrak Crash, Hukumomi sun ce, nytimes (2/5/2018) an lura cewa "Ma'aikatan kulawa da ke aiki a hanyar jirgin kasa a South Carolina ranar Lahadi sun kashe tsarin siginar sa don shigar da shi. Sabbin fasahar da ke nufin hana afkuwar hadurra a lokacin da wata titin Amtrak ta afka wa wata motar daukar kaya a kan titin, inda ta kashe mutane biyu, in ji masu binciken a ranar Litinin… Canjin hannu, Ya ce injiniyan Amtrak da ke cikin jirgin ya kamata kuma ya lura cewa an sanya na’urar ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba”.

Tsaya Daga Baltimore, Don Allah

A Williams, A Baltimore, Jami'an Brazen sun ɗauki kowane dama don yin fashi da yaudara, nytimes (2/6/2018) an lura da cewa "Tambarin takardar kuɗi, $ 100,000 da aka karbo daga wurin ajiya. Jakunkunan shara cike da magungunan sata da aka jibge a kasuwar bakar fata. Wani direban mota ya yi wa fashi dala 25,000. Ba masu aikata laifuka ba ne suka aikata laifin, amma jami'an 'yan sanda na Baltimore ne suka aikata su. Suna daga cikin ɗimbin abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin ɗaya daga cikin manyan badaƙalar cin hanci da rashawa na ’yan sanda a cikin ƙarni… ko da jami’in da kansa ya bayyana yadda ƙwararrun ’yan damfara suka yi ɓarna, suna amfani da duk wata dama ta yi wa waɗanda ya kamata su yi aikin ’yan sanda ko kariya, kuma da ƙyar suke damun su. domin su rufa musu asiri”.

Idaho: Menene Canjin Yanayi?

A cikin Albeck-Ripka, Idaho Ya Cire Canjin Yanayi Daga Jagororin Makaranta. Yanzu Yaƙi Ne, nytimes (2/6/2018) an lura da cewa “Yaƙin siyasa game da ɗumamar yanayi ya kai ga ilimin kimiyya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kamar yadda jihohi da yawa suka yi ƙoƙarin raunana ko toshe sabbin ka'idojin koyarwa da suka haɗa da bayanai game da kimiyyar yanayi. . Sai dai a Idaho ne kawai majalisar dokokin jihar ta cire duk wani ambaton sauyin yanayi da dan Adam ke haifarwa daga jagororin kimiyya a fadin jihar yayin da suka bar sauran ka'idoji. Yanzu malamai da iyaye da dalibai sun ja baya”.

Kada ku yi rashin lafiya a Indiya, Don Allah

A Gettleman & Kumar, Likitan jabu a Indiya wanda ake zargi da kamuwa da cutar kanjamau da dama, nytimes (2/6/2018) an lura cewa "Jami'an 'yan sanda a arewacin Indiya suna neman wani likita na jabu a ranar Talata da ake zargi da cutar da majinyata da dama. HIV ta sake amfani da sirinji mai datti. An yi wa marasa lafiya magani da abin da aka fi sani da 'jhola chhaap doctor' likita mai yawo wanda kawai cancantar cancanta (chaap alamar kasuwanci ce ko hatimin hukuma) jhola, jakar kafadar auduga wacce ake ba da magani. Yawancin ba a horar da su ba, kuma wasu magungunan da suke bayarwa na iya zama haɗari, amma a Indiya, inda tsarin kiwon lafiya ke fama da kalubale, yawancin talakawa suna jin cewa ba su da wani zabi illa su biya 'yan rupees don ayyukansu da kuma bege ga kiwon lafiya. mafi kyau".

Uber Ni'imar Maza masu Sauri

A Westgard, Uber's Formula Pay Formula for Drivers Favors Speed, Wanda Amfanin Maza, msn (2/7/2018) an lura da cewa "Uber ya tabbatar da zama wurin aiki mai sassauƙa ga direbobi waɗanda za su iya saita sa'o'i da hanyoyin su, tsarin da ya dace. wasu da ake hasashe za su fifita mata, a maimakon haka, da alama tsarin biyan waɗannan direbobin ya fi dacewa da saurin gudu, wanda ya fi yawan maza masu ƙafar gubar rufewa, in ji wani bincike. Sakamakon haka shine direbobin Uber suna samun kashi 7 fiye da mata, bisa ga (nazari) na direbobi sama da miliyan ɗaya don farawa. Sauran abubuwan da suka hada da kwarewa da abubuwan da ake so akan lokacin da kuma inda za a yi aiki, suma suna ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa, bisa ga binciken ”.

Shawarar Grubhub & Rarraba Tattalin Arziki

A Dickey, alkali yana mulkin Grubhub yadda ya kamata ya rarraba direban isarwa a matsayin ɗan kwangila mai zaman kansa, techcrunch (2/9/2018) an lura da cewa "Bayan 'yan watanni bayan jin muryoyin rufewa a cikin shari'ar Lawson da Grubhub, alkali Jacqueline Scott Corley ya yanke hukunci Raef Lawson. , mai gabatar da kara, dan kwangila ne mai zaman kansa yayin tuki da kuma isar da abinci ga Grubhub…Mahimmin bangare na shari'ar da ke kewaye da gwajin Borello, wanda ke kallon yanayi kamar ko aikin da aka yi wani bangare ne na kasuwancin kamfani na yau da kullun, ƙwarewar da ake buƙata, biyan kuɗi. hanya da kuma ko an yi aikin a ƙarƙashin kulawar manajan. Manufar gwajin ita ce tantance ko ma'aikaci dan kwangilar 1099 ne ko kuma ma'aikacin W-2". Kamar yadda Kotun ta bayyana "" yayin da wasu dalilai ke yin la'akari da dangantaka ta aiki, Grubhub ba shi da duk wani iko da ya dace game da aikin Mista Lawson, ciki har da yadda ya yi jigilar kaya da kuma ko da tsawon lokaci, tare da wasu dalilai sun rinjayi Kotun. cewa rabe-raben ’yan kwangila ya dace da Mista Lawson a lokacin takaitaccen lokacin da ya yi tare da Grubhub”. Wannan shawarar za ta yi tasiri kan Uber, Lyft da sauran kamfanoni masu raba keke.

Lamuran Dokar Balaguro Na Mako

Case 1

A cikin Matashi v. Holland America Line, NV Kotun ta lura da cewa Masu gabatar da kara sun "yi ajiyar jirgin ruwa na Caribbean na kwanaki 14… wanda Holland ke sarrafawa amma sun sayi tikitin ta hanyar Balaguro na Costco wanda ake tuhuma. Masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa sun samu raunuka a jikinsu a lokacin da suke tafiya. Masu gabatar da kara sun shigar da kara (a California) suna da'awar sakacin wadanda ake tuhuma ya haifar da raunuka. Holland ta gabatar da kudirin canja wurin wurin zuwa Gundumar Yamma ta Washington 'bisa ga sharuddan zaɓen dandalin tattaunawa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ƙaddamarwa'.

Sadarwa mai ma'ana

"A nan, abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kan takaddamar jam'iyyun shi ne ko an sanar da batun zaɓen dandalin tattaunawa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ƙaddamarwa ta Holland ga masu gabatar da kara… Holland ta yi iƙirarin cewa 'an buƙaci mai ƙara' ya fara dubawa sannan kuma ya amince da sharuɗɗa da sharuɗɗan Yarjejeniyar Wucewa' wanda ya haɗa da dandalin taron=yanayin zaɓi. Haƙiƙa, Holland ya yi iƙirarin 'Masu shigar da kara ba za su iya buga takardar izinin shiga ba ba tare da fara karɓar sharuɗɗan da sharuddan ba'. Holland ya yi bayanin yadda, a cikin Yarjejeniyar Wuta, zaɓen dandalin zaɓen ya kasance 'mafi bambanta' ta halayensa na zahiri".

Yin ajiya ta hanyar Costco

"Matsalar muhawarar Holland ita ce masu gabatar da kara ba su yi amfani da tsarin yin rajistar kan layi ba ... Masu gabatar da kara sun bayyana cewa sun sayi tikitin jirgin ruwa ta hanyar Costco Travel (da) wani wakilin tafiye-tafiye na Costco ya aika da masu gabatar da kara a rubuce game da yin ajiyar su tare da hanyar tafiya. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takaddun da aka ambata jigon zaɓin taron. (Daga baya wakilin tafiya na Costco ya aika da saƙon imel wanda) ya umurci masu shigar da kara da su duba jirgin ruwa a gidan yanar gizon Holland don samun alamun shiga da jakunkuna… sun kasa yin hakan. Tare, Masu gabatar da kara sun kira layin sabis na abokin ciniki na Holland (kuma a ƙarshe sun karɓi izinin shiga shafi mai shafi goma sha ɗaya ta imel a shafi na 8 wanda akwai) bayyananniyar magana game da batun zaɓen taron".

Rashin isassun Sanarwa

“Maganar da ake ta yadawa ita ce, ba a sanar da masu shigar da kara ba game da batun zabar taron da ke cikin kwantiraginsu na wucewa har sai bayan sun dauki tikitin jirgin ruwa, kuma, ko da a lokacin, an binne maganar a bayan wani takarda mai shafuka 11. Don waɗannan dalilai Kotun ta gano cewa wannan jerin abubuwan da suka faru ba su haifar da fa'ida mai inganci ba. (Bugu da ƙari) Kotun tana da shakku kan cewa wa'adin da aka bayyana kawai bayan an yi siye kuma a lokacin da sokewar zai kai kusan kashi 75% na farashin tikitin na iya gamsar da madaidaicin gwajin sadarwa. Dubi Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 499 US 585, 595 (1991) (gano yana da mahimmanci cewa fasinjojin jirgin ruwa sun riƙe zaɓi na ƙin amincewa da kwangilar ba tare da wani hukunci ba).

Case 2

A cikin Vardanyan v. Costa Rica Travel Planning, Inc. (C.R. Travel), Kotun ta lura cewa "Masu gabatar da kara sun yi zargin cewa… A halin yanzu kuna kan aiwatar da tabbatar da ajiyar ku…Ta hanyar tambayar mu mu yi tanadi don kuna yarda da Sharuɗɗan & Sharuɗɗanmu (wanda) ya haɗa da jumlar zaɓin dandalin a cikin wani sakin layi na daban tare da taken 'Dokar da aka Aiwatar da ita' a cikin ƙira, babban bugu. A ƙasan wannan taken shine yaren mai zuwa: 'Dokokin Jihar Colorado za su gudanar da kwangilar kuma za a kawo duk rikice-rikice a gundumar Weld, Colorado'… a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2013 wani mutun ya nutse a Costa Rica yayin da yake iyo a cikin teku. …Bayan C.R. Tafiya ta kasance tare da… korafi…(an motsa don yin watsi da korafin) dangane da batun zabar dandalin”.

An Aiwatar da Maganar Zabin Dandalin

Bayan yin bitar gardamar mai ƙara game da isasshiyar sanarwa, rashin fahimta da sanin yakamata Kotun ta tilasta batun zaɓin zauren taron Colorado. “A nan, takardar da ke ɗauke da sashe na zaɓin taron (abin da aka makala ta imel na sharuɗɗa da sharuɗɗa) ya ƙunshi shafi ɗaya ne kawai, kuma an tsara batun zaɓin dandalin a cikin keɓe, ɗan gajeren sakin layi. Wannan sakin layi na da taken 'Dokar da za a Aiwatar da ita' a cikin rubutun da aka rubuta, babba. Saboda haka, ko da yake an rubuta rubutun saƙon a cikin girman girman rubutu da na sauran sassan, ba a ‘binne shi a cikin teku’ mai girma dabam ba. Bugu da kari, rubutun rubutun bai yi kadan ba. Lallai, an aika wa daftarin imel zuwa Vardanyan, za a iya sanya font ɗin ya fi girma bayan buɗe shi akan kwamfuta”.

Case 3

A cikin Wilmot v. Marriott Hurghada Managements, Inc., Kotun ta lura cewa "Wannan shari'ar ta samo asali ne daga wani rauni da ake zargin Guy Wilmot, dan kasa kuma mazaunin Birtaniya, ya sha a lokacin hutu a Marriott Resort a Hurghada, Masar . Bayan raunin da ya samu, an yi wa Wilmot tiyata saboda karyewar kafadarsa a Masar kuma ya nemi karin magani daga likitoci da masu aikin jinya a Burtaniya. Wadanda suka shaida lamarin, sun taimaka wa Wilmot daga baya kuma suka yi jinyar raunin da ya samu, duk sun kasance a Masar ko Ingila. Duk wani bayanan likita da aka samar daga kulawar Wilmot suna cikin Masar ko Ingila kuma. Wilmot ya kawo wannan mataki a gundumar Delaware. "

Motsi Don Ragewa

"A mayar da martani (ga karar) Marriott ya gabatar da bukatar yin watsi da taron da ba a dace ba, yana mai cewa Masar ta kasance wurin da ya fi dacewa don warware wannan lamarin. Marriott ya amince da karɓar sabis na tsari a Masar kuma ya yarda da ikon kotunan Masar, Marriott ya kuma gabatar da takardar shaidar Tarek Ahmed Roushdy Ezzo, Manajan Abokin Hulɗa na Masarautar Ezzo Advocates, wanda ya tabbatar da iƙirarin Wilmot a gaban kotunan Masar. . Bayan Wilmot ya amsa, amsar Marriott ta kuma ba da Burtaniya a matsayin dama kuma isasshiyar wurin zama.

Nonungiyoyin Da Ba Su Sauƙaƙe ba

"Koyarwar dandalin ba ta dace da wurare a cikin hukuncin kotun gunduma ba zabin 'tsanawa' tilastawa kan ikonta'… lokacin da shari'a za ta 'kafa… zalunci da bacin rai ga wanda ake tuhuma… daga duk daidai gwargwadon jin daɗin mai ƙara… Muna da ya zayyana abubuwa guda hudu da za su jagoranci yin amfani da hankali na kotunan gundumomi: (1) adadin girman da za a ba wa zabin dandalin [mai kara], (2) samun isasshiyar dandalin madadin inda wadanda ake kara ke da damar aiwatarwa da kuma [masu kara]. ] da'awar suna iya ganewa; (3) abubuwan da suka dace na 'babban sha'awa' da suka shafi dacewa da masu kara; da (4) abubuwan da suka dace na 'sha'awar jama'a' da suka shafi dacewa da dandalin'".

Abubuwa Hudu

Na farko, Kotun ta amince da cewa "Zaɓin dandalin Wilmot (ya kamata a ba shi)" ƙarancin ƙima' fiye da yadda ake ba da zaɓi na zaɓen mai gabatar da kara" saboda shi mai ƙara ne "baƙi" kuma zaɓin da ya yi na dandalin Amurka ba shi da "mafi wuya. a dogara bisa dacewa”. Na biyu, game da samar da isasshiyar madaidaci, Kotun ta samu duka Ingila da Masar da isassu duk da cewa "Wilmot ya kuma yi ikirarin ta'addanci da cin hanci da rashawa ya sa kotunan Masar ba su isa ba". Na uku, dangane da masu zaman kansu [“Abubuwan da za a yi la’akari da su sun haɗa da sauƙi na samun tushen hujja; ikon sarrafa halartan shaida idan ya cancanta; yana nufin duba wurare da abubuwa masu dacewa; da duk wani abin da zai iya kawo cikas ga wani abu mai sauƙi, mai tsada da gaggawa”] da muradun jama'a ["Buƙatun jama'a sun haɗa da matsalolin gudanarwa da ke tasowa daga ƙarar kotuna; sha'awar gida don a gwada shari'ar a gida; sha'awar a sami dandalin ya dace da dokar da za ta gudanar da shari'ar don kauce wa rikici na matsalolin dokoki…; da kuma guje wa nauyin da bai dace ba na 'yan ƙasa na dandalin da ba shi da alaƙa tare da aikin juri'], Kotun ta lura cewa "kusan duk shaidu, shaida da sauran hanyoyin tabbatarwa suna wajen Amurka. Al’amarin ya shafi wani hatsarin da ake zargin wani dan kasar Birtaniya ne ya samu a kasar Masar, wanda kuma wani dan kasar Birtaniya ya sha fama da raunukan da likitocin Masar da na Burtaniya suka yi masa…. Gundumar Delaware ba ta da sha’awar warware wannan lamarin idan aka kwatanta da Masar ko Birtaniya”. An amince da kudirin korar.

Case 4

A cikin Brown v. Marriott International, Inc., Kotun ta lura cewa mai gabatar da kara yayin da yake bako a St. Kitts Marriott Resort "ya sa ya zame ya fadi sakamakon ruwan da ke gangarowa daga na'urar sanyaya iska… cikin tashin hankali hulɗa tare da bene… St. Tsibirin Kitts da tsibirin Nevis da ke makwabtaka da ita 'kasa ce mai zaman kanta mai cin gashin kanta a yammacin Indiya; wanda ake kira ‘Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis...Mai shigar da kara yana zaune a Brooklyn, New York (kuma) Wanda ake tuhuma wani kamfani ne na Delaware (wanda ya koma yin watsi da dalilin taron da ba a dace ba)”.

Dandalin St. Kitts da bai isa ba

"Ko da yake gaskiya ne cewa mai gabatar da kara ba dole ba ne ya iya bin 'dalili iri ɗaya na aiki' a madadin dandalin tattaunawa, dole ne ta iya 'kara [e]… batun jayayya'… Anan batun batun. na gardama mai ƙara shine babban abin alhaki bisa ga dokar hukuma…Wanda ake tuhuma ya kasa cika nauyinsa don nuna wani abin da ya dace…cewa St. Kitts ya ba da izinin shari'ar abin alhaki da/ko da'awar hukuma. A kan wannan kawai, Kotu na iya musanta wannan motsi da kyau…Bugu da ƙari, ko mazaunin New York na iya riƙe wani kamfani na Amurka wanda ke yin kasuwanci a New York abin dogaro a ƙarƙashin ka'idar hukuma ta bayyana tana da sha'awa ga 'yan New York". An ki amincewa da bukatar wanda ake tuhuma na yin watsi da shi bisa dalilan dandalin da ba a dace ba.

Case 5

A Jami'ar Guezou da Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut, Kotun ta lura cewa mai shigar da karar dan kasar Faransa ne kuma yayin da yake Lebanon a bakin teku mallakar wanda ake tuhuma ya zauna a kan wata karayar kujera, yana jin baya kuma ya ji rauni. Ya yi jinya a Lebanon da Faransa. "Wanda ake tuhuma jami'a ce da aka haɗa a ƙarƙashin dokar New York (tare da) ofisoshin gudanarwa a New York duk da cewa tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, harabarta da kayan aiki suna cikin Lebanon". Wanda ake tuhuma ya kori bisa dalilan dandalin da ba su dace ba.

An Amince da Motsi Don Warewa

"[A nan akwai wata alaka mai ma'ana tsakanin wannan shari'ar da New York, musamman ma da yake kasar Lebanon ta kasance wurin da hatsarin ya afku da kuma wurin da za a iya bayar da shaida ban da likitocin masu kara da masu kara, wadanda dukkansu suna zaune a Faransa ... Kuma babu kuma babu. Ya nuna cewa yanke hukunci a Lebanon ba zai yi amfani da muradun adalci ba… Kamar yadda ma'auni na waɗannan abubuwan yana da 'ƙarfin goyon bayan wanda ake tuhuma' kuma a cikin fa'idar adalci mai ƙarfi, Lebanon ita ce mafi kyawun wurin ".

Marubucin, Thomas A. Dickerson, mai ritaya ne na Mataimakin Shari'a na Sashin daukaka kara, Sashe na biyu na Kotun Koli ta Jihar New York kuma ya yi rubutu game da Dokar Balaguro na tsawon shekaru 42 gami da littattafan shari'ar da yake sabuntawa duk shekara, Dokar Tafiya, Law Journal Press (2018), Litigating Torts International a Kotunan Amurka, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Ayyuka na Aji: Dokar 50 ta Amurka, Law Journal Press (2018) da sama da labaran doka 500 da yawa daga cikinsu ana samunsu a nycourts.gov/courts/ 9jd / mai karɓar haraji.shtml. Don ƙarin labarai na dokar tafiye-tafiye da ci gaba, musamman, a cikin membobin EU na EU duba IFTTA.org

Ba za a sake buga wannan labarin ba tare da izinin Thomas A. Dickerson ba.

Karanta da yawa daga Labarin Justice Dickerson anan.