IATA: Matsalar haɗakar iska ta duniya na barazanar dawo da tattalin arzikin duniya

The Transportungiyar Jirgin Sama ta Duniya (IATA) An fitar da bayanan da ke nuna cewa rikicin COVID-19 ya yi mummunar tasiri ga haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa, inda ya girgiza martabar biranen da suka fi haɗin kai a duniya. 
 

• London, birni na ɗaya a duniya mafi haɗin gwiwa a cikin Satumba 2019, ya ga raguwar 67% na haɗin gwiwa. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2020, ya fadi zuwa lamba takwas. 
   
• Shanghai yanzu ita ce birni mafi girma don haɗin gwiwa tare da manyan biranen huɗu mafi haɗin gwiwa a cikin Sin-Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou da Chengdu. 
   
• New York (-66% faɗuwar haɗin kai), Tokyo (-65%), Bangkok (-81%), Hong Kong (-81%) da Seoul (-69%) duk sun fita daga saman goma. 
   

Binciken ya nuna cewa a yanzu biranen da ke da yawan alakar gida sun mamaye, wanda ya nuna yadda aka katse hanyoyin sadarwa na kasa da kasa.

“Sauyi mai ban mamaki a cikin martabar haɗin kai yana nuna girman da aka sake yin odar haɗin gwiwar duniya a cikin watannin da suka gabata. Amma muhimmin batu shine cewa martaba bai canza ba saboda duk wani ci gaba na haɗin kai. Wannan ya ragu gabaɗaya a duk kasuwanni. Matsayin ya canza saboda girman raguwar ya fi girma ga wasu garuruwa fiye da wasu. Babu wadanda suka yi nasara, kawai wasu 'yan wasan da suka sami raunuka kadan. A cikin kankanin lokaci mun warware karni na ci gaba na hada kan jama'a da hada kasuwanni. Sakon da ya kamata mu dauka daga wannan binciken shi ne bukatar gaggawar sake gina hanyoyin sufurin jiragen sama a duniya,” in ji Sebastian Mikosz, babban mataimakin shugaban IATA kan hulda da kasashen waje.

Babban taron shekara-shekara karo na 76 na IATA ya yi kira ga gwamnatoci da su sake bude iyakokin cikin aminci ta hanyar amfani da gwaji. “Tsarin gwajin matafiya shine mafita nan take don sake gina haɗin gwiwar da muka rasa. Fasaha ta wanzu. An haɓaka ƙa'idodin aiwatarwa. Yanzu muna bukatar aiwatarwa, kafin lalacewar hanyar sufurin jiragen sama ta duniya ta zama ba za a iya gyarawa ba, "in ji Mikosz.

Harkokin sufurin jiragen sama babban injine na tattalin arzikin duniya. A lokuta na al'ada wasu ayyuka miliyan 88 da dala tiriliyan 3.5 a cikin GDP ana tallafawa ta jirgin sama. Fiye da rabin wannan aikin yi da darajar tattalin arziki suna cikin haɗari daga rugujewar buƙatun balaguron jirgin sama a duniya. “Dole ne gwamnatoci su fahimci cewa akwai babban sakamako ga rayuwar jama’a da rayuwar jama’a. Aƙalla ayyuka miliyan 46 da ke tallafawar sufurin jiragen sama suna cikin haɗari. Kuma ƙarfin farfadowar tattalin arziƙin daga COVID-19 zai yi rauni sosai ba tare da tallafin hanyar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama mai aiki ba, ”in ji Mikosz.

Ƙididdigar haɗin kai ta IATA tana auna yadda biranen ƙasar ke da alaƙa da sauran biranen duniya, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga kasuwanci, yawon shakatawa, saka hannun jari da sauran hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Wani ma'auni ne wanda ke nuna adadin kujerun da aka tashi zuwa wuraren da aka yi amfani da su daga manyan filayen jiragen saman kasar da kuma muhimmancin tattalin arzikin wadannan wuraren.

COVID-19 yana tasiri akan haɗin kai ta yanki (Afrilu 2019-Afrilu 2020, ma'aunin Haɗin IATA)

Afirka ya sami raguwar 93% na haɗin kai. Habasha ta yi nasarar shawo kan lamarin. A lokacin farkon kololuwar cutar a watan Afrilun 2020, Habasha ta ci gaba da kulla alaka da kasashe 88 na duniya. Kasuwannin jiragen sama da yawa da suka dogara da yawon buɗe ido, kamar Masar, Afirka ta Kudu da Maroko, sun sami matsala musamman.  

Asia-Pacific ya ga raguwar 76% na haɗin kai. Ƙarfafa kasuwannin jiragen sama na cikin gida, irin su China, Japan da Koriya ta Kudu sun yi aiki mafi kyau a tsakanin ƙasashen da ke da alaƙa a yankin. Duk da babbar kasuwar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta cikin gida, Tailandia ta yi tasiri sosai watakila saboda yadda kasar ta dogara da yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa. 

Turai sun sami faɗuwar 93% cikin haɗin kai. Kasashen Turai sun ga raguwar raguwa a yawancin kasuwanni, kodayake haɗin gwiwar Rasha ya yi kyau fiye da ƙasashen Yammacin Turai.

Middle East Kasashe sun ga raguwar haɗin gwiwa da kashi 88%. Ban da Qatar, matakan haɗin gwiwa sun ragu da fiye da 85% ga ƙasashe biyar mafi yawan haɗin gwiwa a yankin. Duk da rufe iyakokin, Qatar ta baiwa fasinjoji damar wucewa tsakanin jiragen. Har ila yau, ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar jigilar kaya.

North American haɗin kai ya ƙi 73%. Haɗin Kanada (- 85% raguwa) ya sami rauni fiye da Amurka (-72%). A wani ɓangare, wannan yana nuna babbar kasuwar sufurin jiragen sama a cikin Amurka, wanda duk da raguwar fasinja mai yawa, ya ci gaba da tallafawa haɗin kai. 

Latin America ya sami rugujewar 91% a haɗin kai. Mexico da Chile sun yi aiki sosai fiye da sauran ƙasashen da ke da alaƙa, wataƙila saboda lokacin kulle-kullen cikin gida a waɗannan ƙasashen da kuma yadda aka aiwatar da su sosai. 

Kafin annobar

Kafin cutar ta COVID-19, haɓakar haɗin kai ya kasance labarin nasara a duniya. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata adadin biranen da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye ta hanyar iska (haɗin birni-biyu) sun ninka fiye da ninki biyu yayin da a lokaci guda, farashin tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ya ragu da kusan rabin.

Manyan kasashe goma da suka fi haɗin kai a duniya galibi sun sami ƙaruwa sosai a cikin lokacin 2014-2019. Amurka ta kasance ƙasa mafi alaƙa, tare da haɓaka 26%. Kasar Sin, a matsayi na biyu, ta bunkasa hanyoyin sadarwa da kashi 62%. Sauran 'yan wasan da suka yi fice a cikin manyan goma sun hada da Indiya ta hudu (+89%) da Thailand ta tara (+62%).

Binciken IATA ya bincika fa'idodin haɓakar haɗin iska. Fitattun abubuwan da aka kammala sune:
 

• Kyakkyawan haɗi tsakanin haɗin kai da yawan aiki. Haɓaka 10% na haɗin gwiwa, dangane da GDP na ƙasa, zai haɓaka matakan samar da ma'aikata da kashi 0.07%.
   
• Tasirin ya fi girma ga kasashe masu tasowa. Zuba jarin da ake zubawa a fannin sufurin jiragen sama a cikin ƙasashen da haɗin gwiwa ya yi ƙasa a halin yanzu, zai yi tasiri sosai kan bunƙasa ayyukansu da nasarar tattalin arziƙinsu fiye da irin wannan matakin saka hannun jari a wata ƙasa mai ci gaba.
   
• Za a iya sake saka hannun jarin kudaden shiga na yawon bude ido don samar da kadarori. Harkokin sufurin jiragen sama ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin damar yin aiki da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi ta hanyar tasirin yawon shakatawa, musamman a cikin ƙananan jihohin tsibiri. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa na kasuwa, ana iya samun ƙarancin tsarin buƙatu, don haka kashe kuɗin yawon buɗe ido na iya cike gibin.
   
• Kudaden haraji sun karu daga ingantattun ayyukan tattalin arziki. Haɗin kai na jiragen sama yana sauƙaƙe ayyukan tattalin arziki da bunƙasa a cikin ƙasa da aka ba su, wanda zai iya yin tasiri mai kyau ga kudaden haraji na gwamnati.