Dole ne a saurari shari'ar hatsarin Costa Concordia da aka kawo a Florida a cikin Italiya

A cikin labarin wannan makon, zamu tattauna batun Abeid-Saba v. Carnival Corp., 184 So. 3d 593 (Fla. App. 2016) wanda ya shafi ayyukan aji biyu da aka kawo a madadin wasu rukunin fasinjoji biyu wadanda suka kasance a cikin mummunar cutar Costa Concordia a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2012 lokacin da ta “tashi daga Cititavecchia, Italiya don fara kwana bakwai. tafiya zuwa Savona, Italiya. Dukkanin korafin sun yi zargin cewa hip Jirgin ya gudu ne bayan Kyaftin dinta, Francesco Schettino, ya kauce daga shirin da aka tsara don aiwatar da wata dabara da aka sani da 'baka' ko 'sallama-by' sallama. A yayin gudanar da aikin, jirgin Concordia ya yi karo da wani kogin karkashin ruwa a yankin ruwan Italiya wanda ya haifar da mummunar barna ga kokarinta. Wannan ya sa aka kwashe fasinjoji 3206, wanda kusan 100 daga Amurka suka fito da kuma ma’aikata 1000 ”. Kararraki biyu da ake magana a kansu su ne “Abeid-Saba (wanda) ya hada da masu shigar da kara hamsin da bakwai wadanda biyar daga cikinsu mazauna Amurka ne (da) Scimone II (wanda) ya hada da masu shigar da kara hamsin da biyu wadanda goma sha bakwai mazauna Amurka ne. Dukkanin kungiyoyin masu shigar da karar sun tuhumi mutane goma sha biyu da suka hada da wadanda ake kara five Carnival ta yi watsi da karar (kararrakin)… bisa lamuran da ba su dace ba (wanda aka bayar da shi kuma aka tabbatar da shi a kan daukaka kara) ”. Wannan shari'ar tana da darasi a kan abubuwan da za a yi la’akari da su wajen tantance wane yanki ne ya fi dacewa wanda za a saurari karar tafiye-tafiye da ta shafi ‘yan kasar Amurka da suka jikkata a cikin jirgin [Duba Dickerson, Gould & Chalos, Litigating International Torts a Kotunan Amurka, Babi na 10 Canza Majalisu , Thomson Reuters (2017)].

Sabunta Manufofin Ta'addanci

A Amurka yana fadada faɗakarwar tafiye-tafiye na Turai: '' Yan ta'adda suna mai da hankali kan wuraren yawon buɗe ido kamar yadda ake kai hari, eturbonews (9/2/2017) an lura cewa "Faɗakarwar, da aka bayar a ranar Alhamis, ta ambaci 'abubuwan da aka ba da rahoto game da su' a Faransa, Rasha, Sweden, United Kingdom, Spain da Finland, ya ƙara da cewa Ma'aikatar Gwamnati 'har yanzu ta damu da yiwuwar don hare-haren ta'addanci a nan gaba '. Ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan 'wuraren yawon bude ido, cibiyoyin sufuri, kasuwanni / manyan shagunan kasuwanci da cibiyoyin kananan hukumomi a matsayin abubuwan da za su iya kaiwa.

A cikin magoya bayan ISIS suna jinjina guguwar a matsayin 'mai warware matsalar Allah', Travelwirenews (9/9/2017) an lura cewa "Magoya bayan (ISIS) sun shiga shafukan sada zumunta don murnar guguwar Irma, suna mai lakabin 'Sojan Allah'.

A Salis, Laifin Jiha Ga Wadanda Aka Kai wa Hare-Haren 'Yan Ta'adda, internationalandtravellawblog (9/8/2017) an lura cewa "Hare-haren ta'addancin kwanan nan a Barcelona da Cambris (Spain) sun yi sanadin mutuwar mutane da yawa… A nasu bangare, duk wadanda abin ya shafa, ko wadanda suka jikkata ko dangin mamacin, wadanda suka hada da na Sifen da na kasashen waje, suna da damar samun taimakon gaggawa daga ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya sannan kuma… Bayan haka, zasu sami hakkin biyan diyya saboda rauni na kansu da kuma asarar kayan da aka yi. An kafa wannan tsarin na haƙƙin ne tun asali ta hanyar Dokar 29/2011, ta 22 ga Satumba, kan Fahimtarwa da kuma Kariyar ofaukacin Wanda Aka Yi Wa Ta’addanci ”.

Guguwar Hurricane Ta Yanke Yankin Caribbean

A cikin Irma Barrels Zuwa Kuba da Florida: Mutuwa Takaice Akalla 18, a kowane lokaci (9/8/2017) an lura cewa “Guguwar ta aukawa Turkawa da Tsibirin Caicos a safiyar Jumma’a yayin da ta doshi kudu maso gabashin Bahamas… Akalla mutane 18 sun samu ya mutu saboda guguwar: tara a cikin Caribbean ta Faransa; daya a gefen Dutch na St. Martin; daya a Barbuda; ɗaya a cikin Anguilla; uku a Puerto Rico da uku a Tsibirin Virgin Islands na Amurka ”.

Kare fasinjojin Jirgin Ruwa

A cikin Passy, ​​layin Yaren mutanen Norway ya dauki mataki mai ban mamaki a gaban Irma, msn (9/8/2017) an lura cewa "Yaren mutanen Norway Cruise Line ya tafi tsaurara matakai don bawa fasinjoji damar dawowa gida gabanin mahaukaciyar guguwar Irma an dawo da su tashar jirgin ruwa a Miami… don bawa fasinjoji daga lokacin Florida damar komawa gidajensu… Kusan kusan fasinjoji 4,000 da ba za su iya komawa gida ba (an dawo da su) zuwa teku don barin yankin har tsawon lokacin guguwar ”.

Jiragen Sama Sun Cika Sky Sky

A Chokski, Jiragen Sama Sun Cika Sama a Florida Kamar yadda Guguwar Irma ta kusanto, a kowane lokaci (9/8/2017) an lura cewa “Jirgin sama da ma’aikatan filin jirgin sama sun yi tsere don samun jirage daga ƙasa yayin da guguwar Irma ta yi ta zuwa Florida a ranar Juma’a, ta cika sama a saman jihar da jirage… The (FAA) ta ce cibiyar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Miami… ta gudanar da zirga-zirgar jirage 8,107 a ranar Alhamis, kusan 2,000 sama da na Alhamis din da ta gabata ”.

Shirin Amsar Bala'i na Airbnb

A cikin Minsberg, Inda za a Kaura: Irma Ya Bada Shafin Bincike, a kowane lokaci (9/7/2017) an lura cewa “Zuwa ranar Alhamis da yamma, kamfanonin jiragen sama sun soke tashi 4,000 zuwa da dawowa daga filayen jirgin sama a cikin hanyar Irma. Airbnb ta kunna shirinta na Ba da Amsa na Bala'i ga kananan hukumomi a Arewacin Florida da Kudancin Georgia inda masu masaukin baki za su iya bude gidajensu har zuwa masu fitar da su kyauta ".

Moose Farauta, Kowa?

A cikin Klein, Farautar Moose a Kanada don Ajiye Caribou Daga Wolves, a kowane lokaci (8/30/2017) an lura cewa “Kuna son caribou. Kuna son kerkeci Taya zaka kiyaye daya ba tare da ka kashe dayan ba? Bincike da ke tallafawa wata dabarar kiyayewa da ba a saba gani ba ya nuna cewa tana da wata alaqa da farautar farauta, a kalla a wani yanki na Arewacin Amurka. Masana kimiyya sun share shekaru goma suna lura da kerkeci, da muza da kuma mutanen da ke cikin hatsari a cikin gandun daji da ke kudancin British Columbia (kuma) sun gano cewa idan ka bar mutane su fara farauta da yawa, za ka sami kerkeci da yawa da kuma karin kariyoyi… yana nuna rikitarwa na kiyayewa a muhallin halitta ”.

Sauro Kamar California & Nevada

A cikin McNeil, Cutar Sauro mai saurin juyowa a cikin Sabbin Yankuna, a kowane lokaci (9/7/2017) an lura da cewa “Adadin adadin maganganun da ke kan shahararren gidan yanar sadarwar da ke bin diddigin cututtuka yana nuna cewa sauro na iya shiga cikin sabon mahalli na muhalli tare da mafi yawan mita . Gidan yanar gizon, wasikun ProMED sun dauki fiye da dozin irin wadannan rahotanni example misali, Aedes aegypti-sauro mai zazzabin rawaya, wanda kuma ya yada Zika, dengue da chikungunya-ya kasance yana zuwa a California da Nevada inda ba ta taɓa ba, ko kuma da wuya , an gani ".

Nevada Mai Konewa

A cikin Mutum ya mutu bayan yin ruwa a cikin tasirin wuta a bikin Burning Man, travelwirenews (9/3/2017) an lura cewa “Bukin Mutumin na confirmedonewa ya tabbatar da faruwar lamarin a cikin wata sanarwa. Wadanda suka shirya taron sun ce wani mutum ya kutsa kai ta hanyar tsaro… kuma ya shiga wuta eff Tasirin katako mai tsawon kafa 50 wani yanki ne na bikin, wanda ke jan hankalin dubun-dubatar mutane zuwa hamadar Nevada kowace shekara ”.

Binciken Gidan Gida na Paris

A cikin Barayin Creepy suka cire babbar giyar heist ta amfani da Paris Catacombs, Travelwirenews (8/31/2017) an lura cewa “Idan kai hamshakin attajiri ne dan kasar Paris wanda yake alfahari da tarin giya mai ban sha'awa, kada ka kafa gidan ajiyar giya mai raba bango tare da katuwar makabartar garin. A cewar kamfanin dillacin labarai na Associated Press, wasu gungun ‘yan fashin Paris marasa mutunci sun kutsa kai cikin gidan ajiyar giya ta hanyar fasa wani rami ta wani bango a cikin Catacombs, wani tsari ne na karkashin kasa da ke dauke da ragowar miliyoyin mutanen Faransa”.

Yaya Game da Wancan Kusufin

A cikin mutanen da suka ce rana ta makantar da su game da Amazon a kan tabarau na duhu, Travelwirenews (8/31/2017) an lura cewa “Kowa ya gaya musu kada su kalli rana. Duk da haka, wasu ma'aurata a Kudancin Carolina sun kai karar Amazon kan tabarau wanda suka ce sun kasa kare idanunsu a lokacin da kusufin rana ya wuce makon da ya gabata. Corey Payne da Kayla Harris sun yi zargin a cikin karar da aka shigar a wannan makon cewa sun sami ciwon kai, zubar da ido da gurɓataccen hangen nesa bayan kallon jimillar hasken rana a ranar 21 ga Agusta. Ma'auratan sun kalli kusufin, suna dogaro da fakiti uku tabaran da suka siya a kan Amazon a farkon watan Agusta ”.

Hare-Haren Keke Kasar China

A cikin Denyer, Me yasa kamfanonin China ke zubar da kekuna a biranen duniya, washingtonpost (8/31/2017) an lura cewa “Don yin hayar keke a China, duk abin da ake buƙata shine aikace-aikacen waya, kuma kowane ɗayan miliyoyin kekuna warwatse akan hanyoyin gefen ko'ina zaka iya zama naka. Babu tsayawa a keke. Babu matsala. Kuna iya duba lamba, kuna hawa, kuna barin kuma kulle keken duk inda kuma duk lokacin da kuka gama. Juyin mulkin kasar China na raba keke-da-keke ya riga ya sauya fasali da yanayin biranen kasar, tare da sauke manhajoji sama da miliyan 100 da kuma daukar biliyoyin hawa kan miliyoyin kekuna. Yanzu abin yana tafiya a duniya. A watan da ya gabata, wani kamfanin kasar Sin mai suna Ofo ya fara zuwa Amurka, inda ya kai kekuna 1,000 zuwa titunan Seattle, da shirin fadadawa a duk fadin kasar. Daga Italiya zuwa Kazakhstan, daga Birtaniyya zuwa Japan, daga Singapore-Asia mafi birni mafi girma-zuwa ɗaya daga cikin mafiya cunkoson mutane, Bangkok, Ofo da babban abokin hamayyar ta China Mobike suna kan hanyar tserewa don faɗaɗa duniya ”

Loveaunar Dutchauna ta Dutch Har ila yau

A cikin Schuetze, Idan kun Gina shi, Dutchasar Holland za ta yi tafiya, a kowane lokaci (9/6/2017) an lura cewa “Lokacin da jami’an birni suka bayyana sashe na farko na babbar garejin ajiye motoci mafi girma a duniya a Utrecht… jin cewa an yi nasara a takaice- ya rayu. Yayinda da yawa daga cikin 6,000 sababbi, wuraren fasahar keken hawa na zamani suka cika da sauri, injiniyoyin birni sun mai da hankali kan aikin da ke gabansu: ƙirƙirar dubunnan irin waɗannan wuraren da kuma ɗaruruwan mil na hanyoyin kekuna don tabbatar da cewa har ma yawancin mazaunan Utrecht za su iya zirga-zirga cikin kwanciyar hankali ta keke 'Mun gano cewa idan kun gina shi, mutane za su yi amfani da shi'… Garin kwanan nan ya wuce Amsterdam a cikin manyan biranen da ke da daraja a biranen da ke da keke kuma yanzu ya zama na biyu bayan Copenhagen, wanda ya ninka na ninki biyu ”.

Google, Wakilin Tafiya Na

A cikin Google yana so ya zama wakilin ku na tafiye-tafiye, Travelwirenews (8/29/2017) an lura cewa “Google yana ninkawa kan fasalin sa-ido-da-tafiya. Babban kamfanin binciken ya fada jiya Talata cewa fadada bayanan da yake baiwa matafiya masu neman yin ajiyar jiragen sama da otal-otal. Tunanin shine a taimakawa mutane su sami mafi arha. Tare da fasali irin wannan, Google yana sanya kansa cikin gasa tare da sauran rukunin yanar gizon tafiye-tafiye waɗanda ke ba da irin waɗannan ayyuka, kamar Kayak, Expedia da TripAdvisor. Don zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, Google ya riga ya nunawa mutane mafi ƙanƙantar ƙima na takamaiman hanyoyi da ranakun tafiya, amma yanzu zai nuna kallon kalanda na haɗuwa da kwanan wata tare da farashi mafi arha a kore kuma mafi tsada a ja. Hakanan zai nuna jadawalin farashi don mutane su ga yadda canjin jirgin yake canzawa akan lokaci ”.

Babu jakunkuna a Kenya, Don Allah

A cikin 'Yan yawon bude ido: Kada ku dauki jakunkunan leda zuwa Kenya ko kuma ku fuskanci shekaru 4 a kurkuku, Travelwirenews (9/1/2017) an lura cewa “Shekaru hudu a kurkuku saboda samun jakar leda. Wannan shine mafi girman hukunci a Kenya. Kudin tarar dala $ 19,000 zuwa $ 38,000-kuma hukuncin shi ne mafi tsauri a duniya. An gargadi 'yan yawon bude ido: Kada ku shigo ko dauke da jakunkunan leda. Kenya na daidaita rayuwa ba tare da jakunkunan leda ba bayan da aka kakaba wa kamfanin jigilar kaya a cikin makon nan. An kasuwa a Nairobi sun rarraba wasu buhunan leda masu sauƙin nauyi na katako, jakunkuna na takarda da ambulan, yayin da shagunan kayayyakin masarufi suke sayar da jakunkunan zaren da za a sake amfani da su da kuma kwalin kwali ”.

Dakatar da Kokarin Ajiye Bakin, Don Allah

A cikin hare-haren Bull masu fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobin da suka mamaye zage-zage, travelwirenews (8/28/2017) an lura cewa “Masu zanga-zangar adawa da fadan da suka mamaye zoben Faransa a ranar Lahadi sun sami kansu daga dabbar da suke kokarin karewa. Bidiyon ya nuna yadda bov din ke bin masu fafutuka, wanda daga nan sai ya kada dayansu sama. Sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da 'novillada', taron da ya sa manyan masu fada da fada suke fada da samari.

Carbon Ingantaccen Tafiya, Kowa?

A cikin Planes, Trains ko Automobiles: Mecece Hanya mafi Inganta Carbon don Tafiya ?, travelwirenews (8/28/2017) an lura cewa “Carbon dioxide na kasancewa cikin yanayi fiye da sauran gas, don haka ababen hawa suna da tasiri mai illa ga canjin yanayi a cikin dogon lokaci. Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na yawan hayaƙin haya mai gurɓataccen iska a duk duniya ya fito ne daga sufuri kaɗai, 'amma ya kusan kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari a yawancin ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu' 'ation Sufuri, wanda ke da alhakin kashi 27 cikin ɗari na gurɓataccen iskar gas na ƙasa, shine ɓangare na biyu na tattalin arziƙin Amurka, kawai a bayan wutar lantarki… hanyoyi biyar da suka fi cutarwa ga muhalli: (1) Babban Jirgin Ruwa RoPax… (2) Jirgin Jirgin Sama… (3) Manyan gas / motar mai… (4) Manyan Diesel Van… (5) Babban LPG ( motar gas mai ruwa - hanyoyi mafi tsafta guda biyar travel (1) Keke icy (2) Motar lantarki (tare da hasken rana)… (3) Motar lantarki… (4) Jirgin Ruwa na Duniya International (5) Ferry (fasinjan ƙafa) .

Tafiya ta Kasuwanci Ko Hutu?

A cikin LaGorce, Tafiya ta Kasuwanci ko Hutu? Tafiyar Fara Tafiya Kokarin Bata Layin, a kowane lokaci (8/28/2017) an lura da cewa “Masu tafiya hutu a dabi’ance sun fi zabin masu kudi kuma sun fi masu kudi kasuwanci. Amma sabon nau'in fara-farawa wanda ke kula da matafiya na kamfanoni kuma yana mai da hankali kan halayyar mai amfani na iya sanya waɗannan rarrabuwa sun zama tsofaffi. Jigogin da ke bayan waɗannan kamfanoni, gami da Rocketrip, TripActions da Upside, shi ne cewa idan aka ba wa matafiya 'yan kasuwa lada don yin zaɓin da ya rage wa kamfanoninsu kuɗi, za su yi aiki daidai da haka… Rocketrip wanda ya kasance tun daga 2013, shine kayan da aka fi so na janareta na General Electric , Twitter da 50 zuwa 100 wasu kamfanonin Fortune 100 da matsakaitan kamfanoni, Dan Ruch, wanda ya kirkireshi (wanda) ya shiga kasuwancin bayar da kwarin gwiwa ga matafiya masu kasuwanci bayan da suka sami labarin yadda ma'aikatan Google ke tafiya… Hanyar Google ta hada da tsara kasafin kudi don tashin jirgi da hotels kafin kowane tafiya. Idan ma'aikata suka shigo cikin kasafin kudi, suna samun kiredit wanda za'a iya fansar don haɓaka tafiye-tafiye a nan gaba… Rocktrip, kamar Google, yana bawa matafiya damar adana rabin abin da suka ajiye. Maimakon haɓaka haɓaka, yana ba da katunan kyauta ga Amazon, Best Buy da sauran yan kasuwa ta hanyar abin da ake kira kantin sayar da lada ”.

Sabuwar Cibiyar Dabba ta JFK

A cikin Newman, Lokacin da Jirgin da aka jinkirta ya kasance Alade ne wanda aka ƙera, a kowane lokaci (8/22/2017) an lura cewa “Duk wani matafiyi yana da labarin da zai bayar. Wannan haka yake kamar yadda Jirgin yake a JFK, sabuwar cibiyar safarar dabbobi g kamar yadda nake a tashoshin fasinjojin mutane… Watanni takwas bayan budewar ta mai girma, Jirgin yana kwance a kan titunan baya na kayan kaya Kennedy… ya fara rayuwa har zuwa sunansa. Baya ga kuliyoyi da karnuka da awaki da dawakai, Jirgin ya karbi bakuncin wani alade mai ƙwanƙwasa wanda yake buƙatar wuri don jira bayan ɓacewar jirgin haɗi, ,an tsuntsaye tsere 235 waɗanda suka makale na kwana uku da agouti, ƙaton rodent 8-fam gidan Zoo na Minnesota yana jigilar kaya zuwa Zoo na Bermuda. Sunan agouti Ralph ”.

Biyan Kudaden Kulawa da Jirgin Sama

In Ekstein, Jinkirin Jirgin Sama? An Saka Muku da Wannan Hikimar App, Bloomberg (5/30/2017) an lura cewa “Lokacin da aka fara shi a 2013, AirHelp a airhelp yayi alƙawari mai sauƙi: Ku ba da rahoton bala’in jirginku ga wakilan kamfanin abokan ciniki, kuma za su yi kara a kan kamfanonin jiragen sama a madadinku. Ba lallai ne ku biya dinari ba-sai dai idan sun sami damar sasanta ku. Kuma lokacin da suka yi, sabis ɗin yana ɗaukar yanke kashi 25. Mai sauki. A ranar Talata, kamfanin mai shekaru uku yana daukar matakinsa na gaba wajen biyan diyyar kamfanin jirgin sama maras kyau tare da fadada manhajojin sa suna. An ba da kyauta a kan shagunan iTunes da Android Play, ƙa'idar da ake amfani da ita don buƙatar matafiya su cika gajeren bincike kuma su ba da bayanin batun su don fara da'awar; yanzu, matafiya na iya yin sikanin hoton jirgin izinin shigarsu kawai kuma su bar Airhelp ya kula da sauran. Tare da bayani daga fasinjan jirgin ku da aka adana a cikin tsarin AirHelp, kamfanin na iya bin diddigin jirginku na jinkiri, sokewa da sake cika kudi don haka da'awa na iya yin birgima kafin ku karɓi wayar ”.

Kana Son Zama Kyaftin Jirgin Sama na Delta?

A cikin Sasso & Johnson, Delta Za su Inganta Matukan Jirgin Sama zuwa Kyaftin-idan za su iya Tuka jirgin nan da ya tsufa, msn (8/29/2017) an lura cewa “Tun kusan farkon kasuwancin kasuwancin jirgin sama, ƙananan matukan jirgin sun yi wahala don shekaru a kujera ta biyu suna jira don lashe fukafukan kyaftin biyu. Yanzu Delta Air Lines Inc. yana ba su dama don su sami damar zama a cikin kujerar kyaftin cikin ƙasa da watanni shida. Kamawa? Gabatarwar na buƙatar tashi wani ƙaunataccen, jirgin sama mai tsufa wanda ake wa laƙabi da 'Mad Dog' wanda Delta ke shirin yin ritaya cikin shekaru uku. Jirgin kirar McDonnell Douglas Corp. MD-88 sune jiragen da suka fi tsufa da suke aiki a kowane babban jirgin Amurka. Sun zo tare da quirks kamar su bangarorin haske masu haskakawa da ake kira 'windows gira windows' wanda ya kasance gama gari yayin da taurari ke kula da matukan jirgi a wasu lokuta. Kuma suna da hayaniya cewa wasu yan siyasar New York… sun yi murna lokacin da Delta kwanan nan ta janye jirage daga Filin jirgin saman LaGuardia na New York… Manyan matukan jirgi sun guji MD-88s don sabbin jiragen sama na Airbus SE ko Boeing Co., yanzu kayan aikin masana'antu ne. Amma wasu kananan matukan jirgi wadanda suke kwadayin girma da karin albashi da ake baiwa kyaftin ba su da zabi sosai ”.

Hukuncin Dokar Balaguro Na Mako

A cikin kararrakin Abeid-Saba / Scimone II Kotun ta lura da jarabawar kashi hudu wanda ke jagorantar kotunan Florida wajen sasanta tattaunawar da ba ta dace ba. ”’ [1] A matsayin wani abin da ake bukata, dole ne kotun ta tabbatar da cewa akwai wata hanyar da ta dace wacce za ta mallaki iko. kan dukkan lamarin. [2] Na gaba, dole ne alkalin kotu ya yi la’akari da duk abubuwan da suka dace na maslahar kansa, yana aunawa cikin sikeli mai karfi a kan zabin tattaunawar farko na masu kara. [3] Idan alkalin kotun ya sami wannan daidaitattun bukatun na kashin kansa wajen samarwa ko kuma kusa da shi, to dole ne ya tantance ko abubuwan da suka shafi maslahar jama'a sun ba da ma'aunin don a gwada shi a wani dandalin. [4] Idan har ya yanke shawarar cewa daidaiton ya fi dacewa da wannan… dandalin to dole ne daga karshe alkalin kotun ya tabbatar da cewa masu shigar da kara za su iya dawo da karar su a madadin tattaunawar ba tare da wata damuwa ko nuna bambanci ba ".

saukaka

"Alamar tattaunawar da ba ta dace da bincike ba ita ce ta dace, saboda haka, 'ba za a iya ba da ikon sarrafa nauyi ga kowane abu daya a cikin tsarin daidaitawa ba ko kuma koyarwar za ta rasa yawancin sassaucin da ke ainihinta' '' Wanda ake kara yana kokarin yin watsi da mataki a kan dandalin tattaunawar da ba ta dace ba yana da nauyin hujja… Carnival da aka shardanta don karɓar sabis f aiwatar da yarda da miƙa wuya ga ikon kotunan Italiya. Carnival ya kuma amince da a zartar da dokar iyakance da girmama duk wani hukunci bayan daukaka kara da kotunan Italiya suka shigar ”.

Isasshen Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka

“Yanzu za mu koma kan batun shin ko Italiya ta kasance dandamalin da ya dace. 'Filin da ya dace bai kamata ya zama cikakken dandali ba' An 'Wurin tattaunawa na daban ya wadatar idan ya samar da hujja game da batun takaddama kuma zai iya ba da damar magance raunin masu shigar da kara'… Wani taron na daban bai isa ba inda wadatar magungunan ke. 'rashin gamsuwa a fili' ko kuma inda 'babu magani kwata-kwata'… '[S] rashin dacewar rashin aiki ko kuma rashin wadatar aikace-aikace na shari'ar kwatankwacin irin wadatar da ake samu a kotunan gundumar tarayya ba ta ba da wani taron na daban wanda bai isa ba'… masu shigar da kara sun yi iƙirarin kotunan fararen hula basu isa ba saboda karar zata dauki lokaci mai tsayi a Italiya kuma ana bukatar kowane mai kara ya nemi shawarar kansa. (Kotun shari'ar) a Abeid-Saba ta gano cewa (1) 'jinkiri ko' da yawa, da yawa 'shekaru ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idar doka ce da za a yi hukunci kan maganin taron ƙasashen waje kamar yadda bai isa ba a cikin matsala mai rikitarwa'… da (ii) rashin tsarin aiki a aji bai sa taron ya zama bai dace ba (yana ambaton Giglio v. Carnival Corp., 523 Fed. App'x 651 (11th Cir. 2013))… .Mun sami kotun da ke shari'ar ba ta yi amfani da hankalinta wajen gano hakan ba Italiya ta kasance madaidaiciyar hanyar tattaunawa ”.

Dalilai Masu Amfani Na Musamman

“Gabaɗaya, bincika bukatun masu zaman kansu ya haɗa da damuwa guda huɗu: 'damar samun shaidu, samun shaidu, aiwatar da hukunci da amfani da kuma kuɗin da ke tattare da ƙarar'. Abeid-Saba ta yi iƙirarin cewa kotun da ke shari'ar ta yi amfani da hankalinta game da abubuwan da ke da nasaba da bukatun masu zaman kansu ta hanyar (I) ta hanyar rashin gabatar da kara ga masu shigar da kara game da zaɓin taron su; (ii) shiga hanyoyin tabbatar da hujja da kyau (iii) rashin lissafin samuwar shaidu ”.

Zaɓin Zauren Masu shigar da ƙara

"'Wannan zato na nuna fifiko ga wadanda suka shigar da karar a farko don daidaita bukatun masu zaman kansu ya fi karfi a lokacin da masu shigar da karar' yan kasa ne, mazauna ko kuma hukumomin wannan kasar '' Ele Kotun ta Goma sha ɗaya ta tabbatar da cewa kotun da ke yin bita 'na buƙatar (s) tabbatacce Shaidar yanayi mai tsananin gaske kuma yakamata a gamsu da cewa rashin adalcin abu ya bayyana kafin ayi kowane irin hankali kamar yadda zai iya hana wani Ba'amurke damar samun damar kirga wannan kasar '' (Duk da haka) Bai kamata a ba da zabin taron dan kasa ba nauyi '”.

Samun Zuwa Shaida

“Kotun da aka gabatar ta yanke hukunci cewa, idan aka daidaita, yin karar a Florida zai haifar da abu da kuma nuna rashin adalci ga Carnival saboda mafi yawan shaidu suna cikin Italiya, kamar yadda kusan dukkanin shaidu suke. Yayin tantance damar samun shaida da samuwar shaidu, 'dole ne [kotun] ta binciki batun rigimar… don tantance abin da ake bukata na hujja da kuma ko hujjojin da bangarorin suka kawo suna da muhimmanci, ko ma dacewa. dalilin mai shigar da kara da duk wata kariya da za ta iya nunawa ga aikin '… A nan kotun da ke shari'ar ta gudanar da bincike-kan-kirge kan dalilai goma sha biyu na aikin da Abeid-Saba ya kawo kuma ta gano cewa' har ma da kara girman zato don neman Zaɓin tattaunawar mazauna Amurka… Masu gabatar da kara sun gabatar da tabbatacciyar hujja cewa yin takaddama a wannan kotun zai haifar da abu, rashin adalci (ga waɗanda ake tuhumar) ”. Kowane ɗayan aikin da aka bincika dangane da wadatarwa da samun dama ga shaidu mafi yawansu suna cikin Italiya. "Misali, tarkacen jirgin, rikodin bayanan jirgin ruwa, rikodin murya na gada, kyamarar jirgin ruwa da kuma tsarin keken jirgin ruwan duk suna hannun (hukumomin) Italiyanci".

Samun dama ga Shaidu

“Bugu da ari, wurin da mafi yawan sauran masu bayar da shaidar (ban da mazauna Amurka biyar) ya sa kotun da ke shari’ar ta yanke hukuncin cewa Italiya ita ce mafi dacewa. Daga cikin fasinjoji 3206 da ke cikin jirgin na Costa Concordia, kashi biyu bisa uku ‘yan asalin Turai ne. Babu daya daga cikin ma’aikatan da ke aiki a cikin 1223 ‘yan kasar Amurka ne… Kamar dai yadda muhimmanci yake kasancewar samuwar shaidun ido shine samuwar shaidun da ba‘ yan jam’iyya ba, musamman wadanda ke da alhakin duba lafiya da takaddun shaida, kere-kere da tsara jirgin da kuma wadanda suka horar da Costa. Ma'aikatan Concordia Fincantieri-Cantieri Navali Italiani SPA (wanda ya gina jirgin), da Hukumar Gudanar da Italia da Kungiyar Raba Italia RINA, SpA duk suna cikin Italiya ”.

Dalilai na Jin Dadin Jama'a

"[Kotun] Kotun Koli ta Florida (ta bayyana cewa) 'abubuwan da suka shafi maslahar jama'a, gami da sha'awar Florida a cikin takaddama, ya kamata a yi la'akari da su a matsayin wani bangare na tattaunawar da ba ta dace da bincike ba' 'Abubuwan da jama'a ke amfani da su shi ne' ko shari'ar tana da kusanci sosai tare da tattaunawar da za ta iya tabbatar da sadaukar da lokacin da shari'a da albarkatu a gabanta '… [H], ga masu shigar da kara hamsin da bakwai, wadanda hamsin da biyu daga cikinsu ba mazauna Amurka bane. Zargin na Abeid-Saba 'cibiya ce ta waɗanda ba waɗanda ake zargi ba daga Florida a Italiya'. Kusan duk ayyukan da ake zargi da sakaci sun faru a Italiya.

Factsarin bayanai sun bayyana a fili cewa wannan shari'ar tana da kusanci da Italiya… Kamfanin na Concordia mallakar Costa Crociere ne, SpA wani kamfanin Italiya. Costa Crociere, da Concordia, da ma'aikatanta da Kyaftin Schettino an tsara su, sun bincika kuma sun tabbatar da su daga hukumomin Italiyan… A halin yanzu hukumomin Italiya suna gudanar da bincike game da hatsarin. Bugu da kari, hudu daga cikin sauran kararraki biyar da suka danganci hatsarin kotun ta yanke hukunci a kansu a Amurka kan dandalin da ba na dace ba In (Bugu da kari) 'Dokar Italiyanci tana ba da hanyoyi da yawa ga Masu shigar da kara don neman da dawo da diyya law Dokokin tsarin Italiyanci suna ba da tabbaci hakkoki da kariya ga masu shigar da kara da ke tabbatar da cewa gwaji na gaskiya ne, a buɗe kuma masu inganci '”.

Kammalawa

`` Maganar karshe ta tattaunawar da ba ta dace ba ta bukaci kotun da ke shari'ar ta 'tabbatar da cewa masu shigar da kara za su iya dawo da karar su a madadin tattaunawar ba tare da wata damuwa ko nuna wariya ba' '(Anan) Carnival da aka gindaya don karbar aikin aiwatarwa kuma ta amince da mika wuya ga ikon kotunan Italiya. Carnival ya kuma yarda da a zartar da dokar iyakance, girmama duk wani hukunci bayan daukaka kara da kotunan Italiya suka shigar da kuma gabatar da shaidun da suka dace a Italiya ”.

Marubucin, Thomas A. Dickerson, mai ritaya ne na Mataimakin Shari'a na Sashin daukaka kara, Sashe na biyu na Kotun Koli ta Jihar New York kuma ya yi rubutu game da Dokar Balaguro na tsawon shekaru 41 gami da littattafan shari'ar da yake sabuntawa duk shekara, Dokar Tafiya, Law Journal Press (2016), Litigating Torts International a Kotunan Amurka, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2016), Ayyuka na Aji: Dokar 50 ta Amurka, Law Journal Press (2016) da sama da labaran doka 400 da yawa daga cikinsu ana samunsu a nycourts.gov/courts/ 9jd / mai karɓar haraji.shtml. Don ƙarin labarai na dokar tafiye-tafiye da ci gaba, musamman, a cikin membobin EU na EU duba IFTTA.org

Ba za a sake buga wannan labarin ba tare da izinin Thomas A. Dickerson ba.

Karanta da yawa daga Labarin Justice Dickerson anan.