Don neman gaskiya game da yawon shakatawa na Burma

Wani jami’in da ya fusata da ya so sanin ko wane jirgin da ni da jagorana muke kamawa ya sa hakora suka jajayen ruwan ’ya’yan betel. Kama da al'ada sun kasance halayen da ya raba tare da dubban 'yan uwansa. Abin da ya banbance shi shi ne hular babur dinsa. A kowane bangare akwai swastika, a gaban gaggafa na Waffen SS. Ina daga kyamarata don daukar hotonsa lokacin da na yi tunani da kyau. A cikin wannan kasar, yana iya zama ba hikima ba.

Ya kamata masu yawon bude ido su ziyarci Burma?

Kasar Burma ce, inda a halin yanzu ake da sha'awar kwalkwali na soja, da ake shigo da su daga kasar Sin da kuma sanyawa cikin rashin sanin me alamarsu ke wakilta a duniya a waje. Burma ba sa kwadaitar da iyayengijinsu don su kalli bayan iyakokinsu.
Haka nan ba mu da kwarin gwiwa da cinikin tafiye-tafiye don yin ƙwazo a kan nasu. Burma, ko Myanmar (wani yanki, suna na yau da kullun, wanda gwamnatin soja ta yi amfani da shi don keɓanta da zama dole), mulkin kama-karya ne. A makon da ya gabata ne kungiyar Human Rights Watch mai hedkwata a birnin New York ta bayar da rahoton cewa adadin fursunonin siyasa ya rubanya a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata; da kuma Aung San Suu Kyi, wadda ta fi shaharar fursunonin, an hana ta izinin daukaka kara da kanta kan karin wa'adin da aka yi mata a gidanta.

A Biritaniya, kungiyoyi irin su Burma Campaign UK, Tourism Concern da Co-operative Travel suna jayayya cewa yawon bude ido na taimaka wa janar janar. Sun kawo sharhin Aung San Suu Kyi a wata hira da BBC ta yi a shekara ta 2002: “Har yanzu ba mu kai matsayin da muke ƙarfafa mutane su zo Burma a matsayin masu yawon buɗe ido ba.”

Kamar yadda Tafiya ta Telegraph ta ruwaito a watan da ya gabata, an ce Aung San Suu Kyi ta sauya ra'ayinta. Ta bakin wata tsohuwar jam’iyyarta ta National League for Democracy, ta sanar da cewa ta yi imanin cewa yawon bude ido na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na iya zama wani abu mai kyau ga al’ummarta masu wahala da kuma kasarsu da ta lalace. Jim kadan bayan da rahoton namu ya bayyana, wata liyafa ta 'yan yawon bude ido, abokan huldar kamfen na Ultimate Travel Company, za su bar birnin Landan don ratsa tekun Irrawaddy, babban kogin da ke ratsa arewa zuwa kudu kuma ya raba kasar gida biyu. Na shiga cikin satin farko.

A cikin babban birnin Rangoon (Yangon) na kudancin kasar mai ban sha'awa - wanda janar-janar din suka yi watsi da shi a matsayin babban birnin kasar a 2005 don Nay Pyi Taw, wani yanki na Burma a cikin daji mai nisan mil 370 a arewa - sansaninmu shi ne Gidan Gwamna, wani kadara mallakar. kamar jirgin mu, ta Orient-Express. Duk sanda na kayan daki, da sandunan da suka ɗaure sandwiches ɗin kulab ɗin da ke bakin tafkin, kamar an yi su ne da teak. Bayan mun iso daga sararin sama, ba da daɗewa ba an yi mana jinya da ƙawayen ruwan sama na damina akan rufin.
Yawancin baƙi na sun haura 50 kuma sun yi tafiya sosai; wasu sun tuna da tafiya da ta gabata tare da Ultimate Travel Company zuwa Burma a matsayin "daya daga cikin mafi kyawun hutu da muka yi". Daga cikinsu akwai akantoci, masanin gine-gine, likita, jami'in diflomasiyya mai ritaya; da yawa waɗanda tafiya ba kawai abin jin daɗi ba ne amma kasuwanci ne. Daga cikin su, har da Ray Shaw mai shekaru 86, wanda a lokacin ziyararsa ta farko, yana da shekaru 22, ya yi wa ayarin motocin sojojin Japan dinka wuta a wani jirgin guguwa. Ray ya bayyana yadda, bayan dawowar sa na farko shekaru hudu da suka wuce, aka nuna masa zagaye na Fort Dufferin a Mandalay – wanda Birtaniyya suka gina, da Japanawa suka mamaye, sannan turawan Ingila suka kai masa hari: “An lalata ciki gaba daya. Ba na son in gaya musu cewa zan taimaka don yin hakan."
Shin a cikinsu akwai wanda ya damu da ziyartar Burma? Wani mutum ya ce: “Ban taɓa gaskata wani abu da na karanta a cikin takardun ba.” Wata tsohuwa ta ce tana tunanin sojojin sun yi "aiki mai kyau a nan." Amma sun kasance sabon abu; yawancin sun yi kuskure. Wasu ma'aurata 'yan Scotland, daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta, sun ce wani ɗan Burma ya bukace su da su "je ku gani da kanku".
Chris Caldicott, mai daukar hoto kuma mai dafa abinci tare da Burma da mutanenta masu karimci, yana tafiya ta goma. Duk 'yan kasar Burma da ya yi magana da su na fargabar karuwar mamayar kasar Sin, kuma sun damu da ci gaba da hulda da kasashen duniya. "Ganin baƙi daga Yamma yana sa su zama marasa ware, da rauni da manta," in ji shi. Matarsa ​​kuwa, ta ƙi tafiya tare da shi.
Ko a tafiyarsa daga filin jirgin ya lura da abubuwan da ke faruwa tun ziyararsa ta ƙarshe shekaru biyu da suka wuce: ƴan manyan kantuna da kantuna masu kwandishan, da kuma wasu ƴan matasa da ke sanye da jeans maimakon unisex sarong da ake kira longyi. Sun kasance 'yan tsiraru don, kamar yadda San, ɗaya daga cikin jagororin mu, ya nuna, longyi riga ce mara iyaka, sawa doguwar sawa a lokuta na yau da kullun, ana birgima cikin gajeren wando don ƙwallon ƙafa, da sauri a murɗa a gaba don yin aljihu don tsabar kudi ko makullin, da ninkawa sama da dare a matsayin bargo.
Ruwan damina da shimfidar marmara masu zamewa ba su yi wani abin da zai rage tasirin Shwedagon Paya, wurin da mabiya addinin Buddah mafi tsarki a kasar. Muna da sa'o'i, amma zai biya kwanakin bincike. Tsakanin stupa, wani mazugi mai ƙarfi wanda aka lulluɓe da farantin zinare da ganyen zinare, ana iya gani daga kusan ko'ina cikin Rangoon. A wurare na kusa, stupa shine kawai maƙarƙashiya wanda duniya ke kewaye da ita: duniya mai ƙananan ƙananan haikali, pagodas, pavilions da wuraren ibada, marasa iyaka a cikin sura, launi da salo. Masu aminci daidai suke da juriya ga ra'ayi. Na ga wani limami yana amfani da kyamarar dijital, wani yana gunaguni a cikin wayar hannu.
Ma'auni na Buddha Chauktatgyi, wani adadi mai tsayin ƙafa 216 a cikin wani rumfa mai rufin ƙarfe, kuma yana da ban sha'awa. An ba da labarin yadda ya maye gurbin ainihin hoton da ya ruguje, a cikin Turanci, a kan wani allo mai suna “Donated by HMWE Plastic Bag Family”. Kusa da babban ƙafar ruwan hoda na Buddha wani wurin ibada ne ga Ma Thay, wani mutum mai tsarki wanda yake da iko, an ce, don bai wa matuƙan jirgin ruwa lafiya. Wani, watakila, ya nemi roƙonsa a madadinmu, domin tafiyarmu ta kasance mai santsi.

Mun hau hanyar Mandalay a cikin birnin Mandalay, bayan da muka tashi daga arewa daga Rangoon zuwa "Filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa" - wanda jirgin kasa da kasa daya ne kawai zuwa Yunnan na kasar Sin. Mun fara ganin ta daga sama, daga tudun da ke sama
birni mai mafarki na Sagaing, inda kowane gini na biyu ya zama stupa, gidan sufi ko gidan zuhudu.
Jirgin, wanda aka gina domin yawo a tekun Rhine, ya shafe shekaru 13 yana tafiya a Irrawaddy, lokacin da Cyclone Nargis ta yi mata kaca-kaca a watan Mayun bara (guguwar da ta kashe kusan mutane 140,000 tare da barin fiye da miliyan biyu gida). agaji, 'yan yawon bude ido na Biritaniya da suka ziyarta a shekarun baya sun amsa roko kuma sun tara sama da £300,000). An sake gina ta ko ƙasa da haka, aikin da wata ƙungiya daga Southampton ke jagoranta, waɗanda har yanzu suna tweaking gidajenmu sa'o'i kafin mu juya maɓallai a cikin ƙofofinsu.
An nada wa ɗ annan dakunan da kyau, tare da gadon teak da teburi, ɗakin shawa mai ɗorewa da kuma talbijin mai ɗorewa. An saba yanzu ba tare da kayan wasan kwaikwayo na hi-tech ba - Wayoyin hannu na Yammacin Turai ba sa aiki a Burma - kaɗan daga cikin mu sun daɗe a gaban allo: Irrawaddy ya isa nishaɗi.

Da sanyin safiya, tare da rana ta juyar da bankunan laka ja, shinkafar shinkafa kuma ta zama kore, za a sami iyalai - uba, uwa da yaro - masu kamun kifi a kusa da bakin teku a cikin kwale-kwale. Bayan su akwai ƙauyuka na rukunan gidaje, matalauta, da alama, da alama, sun ba da tallafin manyan wuraren bautar gumaka da haikalin da ke ratsa bishiyoyin da ke bayansu, bishiyoyin da suka gudu zuwa cikin tsaunukan da hazo ya lulluɓe.
Daga baya, kusa da, za a sami wasu ma'aurata a kan raft tare da tanti a tsakiya, kamar clubbable Crusoes a tsibirin bamboo. Haka kuma akwai manyan tarkace, suma, na gungumen itacen da aka dunkule tare, da wasu gundumomi da yawa, wadanda ba a gani, a kasa. Akwai jiragen ruwa masu hayaƙi, ƙananan benensu makil da ganguna na mai da buhunan shinkafa, dogonsu na sama na kan fasinja, suna kallon mu suna kallonsu, kullum suna daga hannu.
Ƙarin ƙwararrun masu sa ido sun kewaye Kyaftin ɗin mu mai farin jini, Myo Lwin, akan gada: jami'an da suka girma a kan kogin. Anan, inda matakan ruwa zai iya canzawa da sauri, musamman a ƙarshen wutsiya na lokacin damina, kayan aikin ba su da amfani, sun fuskanci komai. "Lokacin da nake cikin teku," in ji kyaftin, "Ban taɓa samun ƙasa da ƙafa uku na ruwa a ƙarƙashin keel ba. Inci shida yana da daraja sosai a gare ni yanzu.”
Maziyartan suna taimakawa wajen biyan albashin sa, don haka ya kasance yana goyon bayan yawon buɗe ido. Ya kuma yi gardama da karfi kan takunkumi. "Ba su yi wani tasiri ba," in ji shi. “Maimakon gabatar da karin takunkumi, mu zo kasarmu, mu yi aiki tare. Tabbas, muna da gwamnatin soja, amma mutanen ƙauyen ba sa cikin soja. Idan Turai tana son taimako, ku zo ku ba mutanen ƙauye. Wannan zai fi tasiri, ina ganin, fiye da ihu daga can."
Shi, Orient-Express da Ultimate Travel Company suna aiwatar da abin da yake wa'azi. Ƙaddamarwar da ta kai mu ga komowa ta kira gaban jirgin a ƙauyuka don sauke littattafai, alƙalami da fensir. Bayan an tashi daga barcin, sai mu ga iyaye da yara sun taru a kan bankuna suna daga hannu suna ihun godiya. A ka'idar, ilimi kyauta ne; a aikace, iyaye da malamai dole ne su tsoma a cikin aljihunsu don biyan ko da kujeru da tebur. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa guguwar ta lalata makarantu 4,000 a yankin Irrawaddy.
Tashar tasharmu ta farko, Mingun, wuri ne na al'ada: ginin tubali, Mingun Paya da girgizar kasa ta lalata, wanda da an gama shi, da ya zama babban pagoda a duniya; kararrawa mafi girma da ba a fashe ba a duniya; kuma, kusa da dugaduganmu yayin da muka yi mamakin duka biyun, abin da ma'aurata ɗaya suka kira "mafi kyau amma mafi tsayin touts tun Cuba".
Ƙauyen Nwe Nyein, mai nisan mil 40 kawai, ba zai iya bambanta ba. Tukwanen yumbu, na asali na ruwa da mai, waɗanda kwanan nan aka yi amfani da su don gina ƙofofin ƙofofin otal masu kyau, an yi su a can tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru. Dattawa masu magana cikin natsuwa suna nuna mana kowane mataki tun daga sassaƙawar tushe zuwa hasken wuta. Yaran, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu ba su taba ganin na’urar daukar hoto ba, sun yi ta kyalkyali da hotunansu tare da jan abokansu domin su hada su a hoto na gaba.
Sa’ad da wani a cikin rukuninmu ya yi kuskure a gwiwar hannu a cikin tukunyar da aka jefar, sauran mu mun mutu. Daya daga cikin tukwanen, yana murmushi, ya koma bayanmu. Hannu daya kowanne gefen tukunyar ya buga ya sake buga ta a santsi, da sauri za mu yi dimple a cikin kwalbar ruwa.
A ƙauyen Kyan Hnyat, mun kai ziyara wata makaranta da kanmu. Suna isowa cikin ruwan sama, aka yi mana maraba biyu, don sun yi wata guda suna jiran damina. Yayin da muke hawan bankin, hanyoyi sun juya zuwa rafi. An ba da Brollies kuma wasu suna da anoraks, amma babu wanda ya bushe. Gaisar da malamai da yara suka yi, da tsohon hannu, na birgima a gaban kyamarori, ya wuce diyya. Ban taɓa ganin mutane da yawa ba - mazauna gida da baƙi - suna murmushi sosai yayin da suke nutsewa.
Ruwan sama ya tsaya a lokacin taro. Daga barandar bene na farko na wani shingen azuzuwan katako, muna kallon yadda daliban suka jeru a layi a kan kore a kasa, ƙanana a hagunmu, babba a damanmu, don girmama tuta da bel ɗin taken ƙasa. Lokacin da muka dawo cikin jirgin, mutane da yawa sun tafi kai tsaye zuwa liyafar don ba da gudummawa ga kuɗin makarantar.
Dawowa daga ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan balaguron shakatawa, na ji wani yana tunani, “Shin sun fi mu farin ciki, kuna tsammani . . .?" Wataƙila ya kamata ta tambayi ma'aikatan jirgin daga Southampton, waɗanda huɗu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna kan jirgin. An fi sanya su don yin hukunci.
Sun ce sun ji daɗin yin aiki tare da masu sana'ar Burma ("kuma", cikin raha, "tare da duk wannan teak"). Amma sun ga ɓangarori na Burma ba za mu taɓa yin adawa da tauraro biyar ɗinmu na tsakiyar rafin Irrawaddy ba.
Wani ya ci karo da gungun gungun masu sarka a wurin aiki a bakin kogi a Mandalay. Ya lura cewa an ciyar da su kuma an ba su hutu. Ya kuma lura cewa "masu tabo" guda biyu suna kallon su akai-akai. “Ko ta yaya, daya daga cikin ’yan fashin nan ya yi nasarar huta. Bai yi nisa ba. Suka kama shi suka bugi **** daga gare shi da bamboo. Jini a ko'ina. Sannan suka buge **** daga cikin mai tabo saboda rashin kararrawar."
A matsayinmu na ƴan yawon buɗe ido, mun fuskanci ɓacin rai na mulkin kama-karya ba tare da wani tsoro ba. A gare mu motar da ke sanye da garkuwar tarzoma mai launin toka mai launin toka, gyale mai rarrafe akan ƙafafu, wani sabon abu ne a cikin zirga-zirgar birni, kamar fitilu a mahaɗar lambobi, ana ƙirga da daƙiƙa a ja kafin “tafi” sannan a kore kafin “tsaya. ". Sai dai kawai wawaye a cikinmu ya kasa yin rajistar cewa mutanen yankin, a wasu lokuta, suna gaya mana abubuwan da za su iya kai su kurkuku.
A Rangoon akwai wani stupa, Maha Wizaya, wanda gininsa Janar Ne Win ya ba da gudummawa a cikin begen manyan abubuwa a rayuwa ta gaba. Wani mutum da ke tsaye kusa da wurin ya gaya mini: “Babu wanda yake son ya kasance da wani abu da shi a rayuwa ta gaba.”
Karkashin Ne Win - wanda ake zaton ya hau kujerar baya bayan kisan gillar da aka yi na zanga-zangar a 1988 - an san gwamnatin mulkin soja da Majalisar Dokokin Jiha da Oda - SLORC. Orwell zai iya yin hakan. Ya kirkiro "Kyauktada", wanda shine saitin littafinsa na anti-emperial Burmese Days; amma wahayi ga Kyauktada shine Katha, inda na bar jirgin don komawa, ta Mandalay, zuwa Rangoon.
Kasuwar Katha har yanzu tana hulɗa da "busashen kifin da aka ɗaure a daure, chilies, ducks ya rabu kuma an warke kamar naman alade", kamar yadda ya yi lokacin da Orwell ke hidima (a matsayin Eric Blair) a cikin 'yan sanda na mulkin mallaka. Rickhaws yanzu dole ne ya yi gogayya da mopes ɗin China, da yawa an yi musu kwalliya da ƙofofin Manchester United, AC Milan da Ingila, kuma daga kantin DVD ba za ku iya hayan sabulun Burma kawai ba amma Tom da Jerry da West Life a Wembley. Amma duk da haka longyi ya jure, kamar yadda (a can da ko'ina cikin ƙasar) al'adar zanen fuskoki tare da manna irin sandalwood na thanakha.
Na sadu da wani sabon jagora, Thant Sin, wanda ya fi natsuwa cikin salo fiye da abokan aikinsa a cikin jirgin. Cike da shagaltuwa kuma, kamar.
Mun yi zagaye na wuraren da ke da alaka da Orwell: ofishin gandun daji, tsohon asibiti, gidan yari (a nesa) da gidan da Orwell da kansa ya zauna kuma yanzu yana gida ga wani jami'in gida. Jan hanyar datti ta bi ta cikin wani lambun jungly zuwa wata kadara ta bulo da katako tare da rufin ja mai tsatsa. A cikin manyan dakuna guda biyu na kasa da na farko, komai an tunkude shi da bango, kamar za a share falon don yin biki. Babu wani abu, a ko'ina, don nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun suna a cikin wallafe-wallafen ya taɓa rubutawa a can.
Komawa gidan baƙi na gefen kogi inda Thant Sin ya kwana, na gane dalilin da ya sa ya zama kamar ya shagala: har yanzu yana ƙoƙarin tabbatar mana da kujeru a cikin jirgin da yamma zuwa Mandalay. Manajan yayi waya. An yi shawara da Zunubi; An kara kira. Wani bako - wani jami'in soja, Thant Sin ya ce - ya ba da taimako. Ana ƙoƙarin yin yunƙurin, na taru, don daidaita daidaito tsakanin jiragen ƙasa da kujeru masu daɗi da jiragen ƙasa tare da kowane kujeru kyauta kwata-kwata - kuma, watakila, don gano abin da wannan baƙon keɓe ke yi a Katha.
Bayan mun hau kan alkawarin jirgin kasa daya zuwa tashar Naba, kimanin mil 14 yamma - inda muka ci karo da jami'in shige da fice a cikin kwalkwali na Nazi - mun dawo Katha, mun isa lokacin jirgin da zai yiwu ko a'a a karfe 4.30 na yamma. (Ba zan iya ci gaba ba). A taron, mun hau daya bayan awa biyar.
A halin yanzu akwai karkatar da yawa. Iyalai duka sun kasance suna tsinke kan waƙoƙi ko dandamali. Wasu karin mutane sun cunkushe dakunan shayi guda hudu, kowannensu yana nuna wani shiri daban: wasan kwallon kafa, wasan kwaikwayo na pop-up wanda aka hada da wake-wake tare da damben harbi, harbi tsakanin Pierce Brosnan da Sean Bean, da bugun daga kai na Abokai na Burma. Ma’aikacin tashar, da farko ya fara zargin rubutuna na lokaci-lokaci a cikin littafin rubutu, ya ɗumama ni, yana ba ni in saya mini abin sha, sannan ya gayyace ni cikin ofishinsa - amma ba cikin ɗakin jira ba, tare da teburin kofi da kujerun hannu, wanda aka keɓe don VIPs. kuma a fili kadan amfani. A kan bango ɗaya an rataye wata farar riga mai ɗan gajeren hannu da aka danna; a wani hoton Babban Janar Than Shwe, Shugaban Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Ci Gaban Jiha.
Jirginmu yana da kujerun fata da ƙwanƙolin katako. Matasa sun kwanta suna snoking a cikin magudanar ruwa. Thant Sin da ni muka yi sanyi kuma muka tashi a farke, mun dugunzuma kuma muka farka, yayin da wata mace kishiyar, tare da yarinya 'yar kimanin uku, ta yi barci na tsawon sa'o'i 12. Lokacin da rana ta fito sama da mil maras iyaka na shinkafar shinkafa kuma yaron ya farka, matar ta ciyar da ita, bi da bi, curry da shinkafa, ƙwayayen kwarto da aka tafasa da kuma buhun gyada. A Mandalay, mun ba wa mahaifiyar biredi da ayaba da muka sayo don tafiya. Ya zuwa yanzu, wannan yarinyar za ta zama roly-poly kamar Buddha na kasar Sin.
Thant Sin ya so ya nuna mani abubuwan gani a cikin rabin yini da na yi kafin jirgin na dawo Rangoon. Barci daga cikin jirgin ƙasa mai rake, zafi da zafi ya mamaye shi, na bi shi a kusa da Kuthodaw Paya - wanda aka fi sani da ma'ajiyar "littafi mafi girma a duniya" don katakon marmara guda 79 waɗanda aka rubuta rubutun Buddha masu tsarki na Tripitaka - da Mahamuni Paya, inda na shiga cikin masu aminci wajen danna ganyen zinare a jikin wani shahararren hoton Buddha.
Lokacin da ya ba da shawarar tafiya a kan “Titin Marble”, inda maza ke fitar da hotuna na addini yayin da ’yan mata suke wanke su da goge su, na kusa gaya masa na sami isashensu.
Sai na tuna wani kalami da wani mutum a wani ƙauye kusa da Irrawaddy ya yi sa’ad da na tambaye shi ko zan iya ɗaukar hotonsa. A mafi yawan ƙasashe, da martanin da ya bayar zai nuna rashin kuɗi mai sauƙi; a Burma kamar ya ce da yawa. Kalmominsa sune: "Ba zan iya tafiya ba, amma hotona zai yi tafiya tare da ku."
BURMA BASIC
Kamfanin tafiye-tafiye na ƙarshe (020 7386 4646; www.theultimatetravelcompany.co.uk) na iya shirya tafiya na sati biyu da aka yi ta tela, wanda ke ɗaukar biranen haikali na gargajiya da rayuwar ƙauye a kan bankunan Irrawaddy, daga £2,695 ga kowane mutum. Bayan dare biyu a Gidan Gwamna da zama a tsohon babban birnin Bagan, za ku ratsa Irrawaddy zuwa Mandalay akan hanyar zuwa Mandalay. Tasha ta gaba ita ce Tafkin Inle, inda kwale-kwale masu dogon wutsiya su ne hanya ɗaya tilo don isa ƙauyuka da kuma lambunan ban mamaki na iyo. Kwanaki na ƙarshe na annashuwa an shafe su a cikin fitattun rairayin bakin teku na yamma na Ngapali a kan Bay na Bengal. Farashin ya haɗa da jiragen sama na duniya da na ciki, canja wuri na sirri da yawon shakatawa mai shiryarwa, karin kumallo a cikin otal-otal da kan jirgin ruwa, duk abinci, abubuwan sha da giya.
KARANTA KARANTA
Daga Ƙasar Green Fatalwa ta Pascal Khoo Thwe (Harper Perennial). Babban abin tunawa na wani ɗan kabilar tudu wanda ya ƙare a Jami'ar Cambridge - ta hanyar sansanin 'yan tawaye a kan iyakar Burma-Thailand.
The Trouser People na Andrew Marshall (Penguin). Tafiya a cikin sawun wani masanin Victorian daji wanda ya kawo kwallon kafa zuwa Burma.
Wasiƙu daga Burma na Aung San Suu Kyi (Penguin). Rukunin lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, wacce aka rubuta a cikin 1990s don jaridar Japan, kan batutuwa daga siyasa zuwa dakin shayi.
Myanmar (Burma), littafin jagora mafi zamani (Lonely Planet).
BAYANI AKAN BURMA
Muryar Dimokuradiyya ta Burma (www.dvb.no); Burma Campaign UK (www.burmacampaign.org.uk); Prospect Burma (www.prospectburma.org); Human Rights Watch (www.hrw.org); BBC (www.bbc.co.uk/topics/burma); Mujallar Irrawaddy (www.irrawaddy.org); Damuwar Yawon shakatawa (www.tourismconcern.org.uk).