Sabbin yarjejeniyoyin sasantawa na direba na Uber

A cikin labarin na wannan makon, mun yi nazarin hukunce-hukunce biyu na baya-bayan nan da aka yanke a Kotunan Lardi na Tarayya daban-daban guda biyu waɗanda ke tilasta sabbin sharuddan sasantawa a cikin kwangilolin direbobi na Uber Technologies, Inc., (Uber). Laifukan su ne Suarez v. Uber Technologies, Inc., Case No: 8:16-cv-166-T-30MAP (SD Fla. May 24, 2016) da Varon v. Uber Technologies, Inc., Civil Action No. MJG -15-3650-MJG (D. Md. Mayu 3, 2016).

Abin da ke sanya waɗannan yanke shawara, musamman, mahimmanci shine shekara ɗaya kawai da ta gabata [duba Dokar Balaguro: Direbobin Uber da ingantattun yarjejeniyoyin sasantawa, www.eturbonews.com (7/16/2015)] Alkalin gundumar Amurka Edward M. Chen na gundumar Arewacin California ya yanke shawara a cikin hadadden shari'o'in Mohamed v. Uber Technologies, Inc. (Lamba C-14-5200 EMC) da Gillette v. Uber Technologies, Inc. (No. C-14-5241) gano farkon sigar Uber da ba za a iya aiwatar da ita ba na yarjejeniyar sasantawa ta tilas tare da direbobinta.

Kamar yadda muka lura sau da yawa, sharuddan sasantawa na tilas a cikin mabukaci da kwangilolin aiki da kuma matakin aji da ƙetare matakin sasantawa suna da tasirin hana masu cin zarafi da ma'aikata daga yin ƙara tare a cikin ayyukan aji. Sau da yawa na'urar aikin aji tana ba da hanyar gyara kawai ta hanyar da ƙananan mabukaci da da'awar ma'aikata za a iya tattarawa da kuma gurfanar da su [duba Dickerson, Ayyukan Class: Dokar Jihohi 50, Babi na 4, Latsa Jarida (2016)].

Sabunta Manufofin Ta'addanci

Yayi kyau, Faransa

A Rubin, Nossiter, Breeden & Blaise, Adadin Mutuwar Mutuwar Ta'addanci a Nice, Faransa, Ya Haura zuwa 84, nytimes.com (7/15/2016) an lura da cewa "Mutuwar ta'addancin da aka yi a ranar Bastille Day Fireworks Bikin da aka yi a birnin Nice da ke kudancin Faransa ya kai 84 a ranar Juma'a, yayin da gwamnati ke kokarin tabbatar da sunan maharin, ta tsawaita dokar ta-baci a kasar tare da kaduwar wani babban harin ta'addanci na uku a cikin watanni 19 ... Harin ya afku a ranar Alhamis a kusa da wajen 10:30PM, lokacin da wata babbar mota ta juya hagu zuwa Promenade des Anglais, wani boulevard na bakin teku cike da ɗimbin ƴan kallo. Da farko dai motar ta kashe mutane biyu sannan ta ci gaba da tafiyar mil 1.1 daga cikin boulvard, inda ta yi ta lalatar da mutane hagu da dama har sai da ‘yan sanda suka harbe direban har lahira a wajen wani otal da gidan caca. Mutane 84 da suka mutu sun hada da Amurkawa biyu da dan kasar Rasha daya...Babu wani da'awar kai harin."

A Rubin & Breeden, ISIS ta yi ikirarin kai harin Mota a Faransa 'Soja ne', nytimes.com (7/16/2016) an lura da cewa "Daular Islama ta yi ikirarin a ranar Asabar cewa mutumin da ya kai hari a birnin Nice da ke bakin tekun daya ne. na 'sojoji' kungiyar. Nan take ministan tsaron Faransa ya zargi kungiyar ta'addanci da zafafa kai hare-hare, yayin da babban jami'in tsaro ya ce maharin, wanda a da ba a san shi da hukumomin leken asiri ba, mai yiwuwa ya 'dauke kansa cikin gaggawa'.

A cikin Mazzetti & Schmitt, A zamanin ISIS, Wanene Dan Ta'addanci, kuma Wanene Keɓaɓɓu ne kawai? kara danyen mai da hatsabibanci, ya haifar da sake tunani na gama-gari na waye da wanda ba dan ta’adda ba ne”.

Istanbul, Turkey

A Arango & Yeginsu, Turkiyya ta tara dubban jami'an soji, nytimes.com (7/16/2016) an lura da cewa "Gwamnatin Turkiyya tare da goyon bayan wani shugaba mai kaurin suna, ta tara dubban jami'an soji a ranar Asabar din da ta gabata, wadanda aka ce sun yi nasara. sun shiga cikin wani yunkurin juyin mulki, inda suka yi gaggawar dawo da mulki bayan dare na hargitsi da makirci da ya yi sanadin mutuwar daruruwan mutane". nytimes.com

Baghdad, Iraq

A cikin Al-Jawoshy, an kashe mutane da dama a harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a wurin ibadar ‘yan Shi’a da ke arewacin Bagadaza, nytimes.com (7/7/2016) an lura da cewa “’Yan bindiga sun harba turmi a wani wurin ibadar ‘yan Shi’a da ke arewacin Bagadaza da yammacin ranar Alhamis, kuma a cikin rudani. Hakan ya biyo bayan harin kunar bakin wake uku sanye da kakin soji suka kutsa cikin harabar inda suka tarwatsa kansu, in ji hukumomin Iraki. Akalla mutane 36 ne suka mutu sannan fiye da 40 suka jikkata.

Brazil & Rikicin Yaƙin Luwadi

A Jacobs, Brazil tana Fuskantar Annobar Cin Hanci da Luwadi, nytimes.com (7/5/2016) an lura cewa "A cikin al'ummar da ake ganin ta shiga cikin aikata laifuka, kisan gilla ya fito fili: Ba a yi wa wadanda abin ya shafa fashi ba, Har yanzu dai ‘yan sanda ba su tantance wadanda ake zargi ba, kuma dukkan wadanda suka mutu ko dai ‘yan luwadi ne ko kuma wadanda suka canza sheka. Yayin da Amurkawa suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan yadda za a mayar da martani kan kisan gillar da aka yi a watan da ya gabata a wani gidan rawa na 'yan luwadi da ke birnin Orlando na jihar Fla., 'yan kasar Brazil na fuskantar nasu annoba ta cin zarafin 'yan luwadi, wanda a wasu kididdiga ya sa Brazil ta zama abin kunya. wuri mafi muni a duniya ga 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, 'yan luwadi da masu canza jinsi. Kusan mutane 1,600 ne suka mutu a hare-hare masu nasaba da kiyayya a cikin shekaru hudu da rabi da suka gabata, a cewar Grupo Gay da Bahia, mai bin diddigin mutuwar ta hanyar labaran labarai. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, kusan kowace rana ana kashe dan luwadi ko dan luwadi a wannan al’ummar da take da miliyan 200”.

Cin Hanci Akan Hanyar Jirgin Sama

A cikin McGeehan, David Samson, Ally na Christie, Ya Yarda da Cin Hanci Kan Hanyar Jirgin Sama, nytimes.com (7/14/2016) an lura cewa “David Samson… ya matsa wa United Airlines lamba da ya yi jigilar mako-mako zuwa South Carolina don dacewarsa. Roƙon… ya bayyana don kawo ƙarshen aikin Mista Samson a matsayin jami'in gwamnati da dillalan wutar lantarki. Kuma hakan ya haifar da inuwar siyasa a fagen siyasar Mista Christie.”

Hadarin Mos A Saudiyya

Sama da mahajjata 36 ne suka mutu, XNUMX sun jikkata a wani hatsarin motar bas ta kasar Saudiyya, www.eturbonews.com (7/2/2016) an lura da cewa “ sama da mahajjata 36 ne suka mutu a kasar Saudiyya yayin da motar bas da suke ciki ta kife a kan hanyar da ke tsakanin garuruwan Ta’if da Riyadh. Akalla mahajjata XNUMX ne kuma suka jikkata a lamarin wanda ya faru a ranar Asabar. Dukkanin wadanda aka kashe din da suka hada da mata da kananan yara ‘yan asalin Masar ne da kuma Sudan.

Gidan shakatawa na yawon shakatawa na Kenya ya ƙone

A wurin shakatawar yawon bude ido da ke Diani ta kone kurmus, www.eturbonews.com (6/29/2016) an lura da cewa “Labarin bakin ciki ya fito daga shahararren bakin tekun Diani na kasar Kenya, inda a jiya gidan shakatawa na Neptune ya kone, wuta ta cinye rufin Makuti (Makuti wani rufi ne da aka yi da ganyen dabino) a cikin 'yan mintoci kaɗan).

Shawarar Balaguro na Kenya

A cikin Steinmetz, Kenya martani ga Bayar da Shawarar Balaguro na Amurka don Kenya Likoni Ferry, www.eturbonews.com (7/4/2016) an lura da cewa “Yayin da jami’an tsaron Amurka a yanzu suka yi imanin cewa wani harin ta’addanci da aka kai wa Amurka kusan babu makawa, ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta yi tunanin cewa ya dace ta sake buga wani shawarar hana tafiye-tafiye kan Kenya… Jirgin ruwan Likoni mai suna…Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta ba da misali da matsalolin tsaro da ba a fayyace ba lokacin da ta shawarci 'yan kasar Amurka da su guji amfani da jirgin ruwan Likoni yayin da tsohon garin dutse na Mombasa, wanda ya hada da wurin tarihi na UNESCO Fort Jesus, ya kamata a ziyarci shi cikin kwanaki kadan kawai".

Filayen Jiragen Ruwan Fasa

A cikin Fitzsimmons & Hurdle, Traffic Rail Traffic Traffic Tracks in New Trains, nytimes.com (7/5/2016) an lura cewa "Masu zirga-zirga a nan sun fuskanci jinkiri da cunkoson jiragen kasa a ranar Talata bayan da aka fitar da kashi uku na motocin layin dogo na yanki ba zato ba tsammani daga hidima a karshen mako lokacin da aka gano babban lahani a wani bangare na rundunar. Jami’ai a Hukumar Sufuri ta Kudu maso Gabashin Pennsylvania sun ce masu binciken sun gano fasa-kwauri a cikin tsarin dakatar da galibin sabbin motocin Silverliner V na layin dogo. Gyaran na iya ɗaukar makonni-alamar cewa wahala ba za ta ƙare ba kafin Babban Taron Demokraɗiyya a nan daga baya a wannan watan. "

Rikicin Airbnb Da San Francisco & New York

A cikin Benner, Airbnb a cikin Rigingimu da New York da San Francisco, nytimes.com (6/28/2016) an lura cewa "A ranar Litinin, Airbnb ya kai karar San Francisco a kan yanke shawara gaba daya a ranar 7 ga Yuni da Hukumar Kula da Birni ta birnin ta gano. kamfanin $1,000 a rana ga kowane mai masaukin baki mara rijista akan sabis ɗin sa. Idan Airbnb bai bi ba, zai iya fuskantar tuhume-tuhume. Shari’ar ta biyo bayan wani yunkuri na bangaranci da ‘yan majalisar dokokin New York suka yi a wannan watan na cin tarar duk wanda ya yi amfani da Airbnb ya yi hayar wani gida na kasa da kwanaki 30, al’adar da ta sabawa doka a jihar tun 2010, Ayyukan sun nuna yadda Airbnb. duk da yunƙurin yunƙurin neman zaɓe, bai samu damar shawo kan wasu ƴan majalisar yankin da su buga ƙwallon ba. Kuma a game da New York, kamfanin ya nuna kunnuwa mai ban mamaki ga siyasar gida. "

Ba'a Maraba da Airbnb A Hawaii?

A cikin Gwamnan Hawai: No Aloha ga masu yawon bude ido na AIRBNB, www.eturbonews.com (7/14/2016) an lura cewa “A jiha kamar Hawaii, karfin da manyan kamfanonin otal ke da shi yana da kyau. Yawon shakatawa shine masana'antu na daya a cikin Aloha Jiha, kuma idan kungiyar otal ta ce A'A, gwamnati da gwamna suna saurare. Otal-otal a Hawaii suna tafiya da yawa. A ciki har da rashin biyan harajin masauki a kan 'kudaden shakatawa na wajibi'…A Hawaii, otal-otal da wuraren shakatawa sun sami sako mai karfi ga Gwamna Ige, kuma ya saurare shi, kuma a sakamakon haka, ya ki amincewa da wani kudirin doka na ba AIRBNB damar karbar haraji daga iyalan bakunci mai biya…bako a gidansu. Hujjar Gwamnan dai ita ce yana jin barin ‘ba bisa ka’ida ba a yi hayar hutu a jihar za ta samu daga karancin gidaje da kuma kara dagula matsalar rashin matsuguni”.

Labarin Dokar Balaguro: Shari'ar Suarez

A cikin Suarez v. Uber Technologies, Inc. Kotun ta lura da cewa:

Tarihi

“Masu shigar da kara, wadanda direbobi ne na (Uber)… suna zargin cewa Uber ta karkasa su da sauran direbobi a matsayin ‘yan kwangila masu zaman kansu, maimakon a matsayin ma’aikata. Sakamakon haka, Masu gabatar da kara sun tabbatar da waɗannan da'awar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ka'idodin Ma'aikata (FLSA): An biya su duk sa'o'in da suka yi aiki a zahiri; ba a biya su aƙalla mafi ƙarancin albashi na Tarayya na kowace sa'a da suka yi aiki; kuma ba a biya su diyya na tsawon sa’o’i da suka yi aiki fiye da sa’o’i arba’in a cikin mako guda”.

Yarjejeniyar sasantawa

"Uber yana motsawa don tilasta sasantawa da kuma kai hari ga zarge-zargen aji / gama gari bisa yarjejeniyar sasantawa da kowane mai shigar da kara ya zartar dangane da aikinsu. Uber yayi jayayya cewa yarjejeniyar sasantawa ana aiwatar da su kuma ta rufe da'awar da aka tabbatar a wannan matakin. Uber kuma ya matsa don bugi zarge-zargen aji/na gama-gari saboda yarjejeniyoyin sasantawa sun bayyana cewa bangarorin sun amince su warware takaddamarsu a cikin sasantawa a kan daidaikun mutane kawai. Abubuwan da suka dace da suka shafi yarjejeniyoyin sasantawa suna bi yanzu”.

Yarjejeniyar Ayyuka

“Kowane daga cikin mutane hudun da ake kira da suna masu shigar da kara sun yi rajista don amfani da Uber App don yin hulɗa tare da masu yuwuwar fasinjoji ta amfani da dandalin 'uberX' don su sami damar jigilar fasinjojin jirgin. Domin samun damar dandalin uberX don karɓar buƙatun tuki daga masu zuwa fasinjoji, an fara buƙatar masu gabatar da kara su karɓi lasisin Software da Yarjejeniyar Sabis ta Kan layi ta hanyar lantarki, mai kwanan wata Nuwamba 10, 2014 (Yarjejeniyar Sabis)”.

Karɓar Hyper-Link

"Lokacin da masu shigar da kara suka shiga Uber App ta amfani da sunayen masu amfani da kalmomin shiga na musamman, sun sami damar sake duba Yarjejeniyar Sabis ta danna hanyar haɗin yanar gizo a cikin Uber App. Don wuce allon tare da hyperlink zuwa Yarjejeniyar Sabis, Masu gabatar da kara dole ne su tabbatar da cewa sun fara bita kuma sun karɓi Yarjejeniyar Sabis ta danna 'YES, NA YARDA'. Bayan danna 'EE, NA YARDA'', an sa su tabbatar da sake duba su da kuma yarda da Yarjejeniyar Sabis a karo na biyu.

Ɗauki Lokacinku Don Bita

"Masu shigar da kara suna da 'yanci don ciyar da lokaci mai yawa kamar yadda suke so don nazarin yarjejeniyar da ta dace akan wayoyinsu ko na'urorin lantarki. Bayan tabbatar da karbuwar su a karo na biyu ta hanyar Uber App, nan da nan aka aika da Yarjejeniyar Sabis zuwa tashar direba ta kowane mai ƙara, inda mai ƙara zai iya samun damar yarjejeniyar don dubawa a lokacin hutu, ko dai ta kan layi, ko ta hanyar buga kwafi”.

Bayar da Hukunci

"Yarjejeniyar Sabis ɗin ta ƙunshi yarjejeniyar sasantawa (Bayar da Taimako) wanda ke buƙatar masu samar da sufuri, idan ba su daina ba, don sasanta duk rikice-rikice… da suka taso daga yarjejeniyar ko dangantakarsu da Uber, gami da rikice-rikicen da ke zargin keta kwangilar. , da'awar albashi da sa'o'i, gasa mara adalci, ko duk wani da'awar da aka kawo a ƙarƙashin dokokin jiha da tarayya irin wannan [sassan da suka dace na tanadin Arbitration Produced]".

Samar da Fita

"Musamman, bayan sau biyu suna tabbatar da sake duba su da kuma yarda da Yarjejeniyar Ayyuka, an ba masu ƙarar ƙarin kwanaki talatin don ficewa daga Tsarin Taimako, wanda za'a iya cika ta hanyar aika saƙon imel kawai zuwa '[email kariya]' mai bi:

Haƙƙinku na Haɓaka Hukunci

Yin sulhu ba sharadi ba ne na tilas na dangantakar ku da Kamfanin. Idan baku son kasancewa ƙarƙashin wannan Shawarar Tattaunawa, kuna iya barin… ta hanyar sanar da Kamfanin a rubuce game da sha'awar ku na ficewa… Kamfanin za a ɗaure shi da sharuɗɗan wannan Sashe na Taimako. Kuna da damar tuntuɓar mashawarcin da kuka zaɓa game da wannan Taimakon Taimako. Kun fahimci cewa ba za ku fuskanci ramuwar gayya ba idan kun yi amfani da haƙƙin ku na faɗar da'awar ko ficewa daga ɗaukar hoto a ƙarƙashin wannan Tsarin Taimako.

Binciken Kotun

“Da yawa daga cikin direbobin Uber sun zaɓi ficewa daga yarjejeniyar sasantawa. Masu shigar da kara ba su zabi ficewa daga cikin tanadin sulhu ba. Dokar sasantawa ta Tarayya (FAA) ta ba da cewa yarjejeniyar sasantawa a rubuce a cikin kowace kwangilar da ta shafi kasuwanci 'za ta kasance mai inganci, ba za a iya sokewa ba kuma za ta iya aiwatar da ita, sai dai a kan dalilan da ke akwai a doka ko kuma cikin daidaito don soke kowace kwangila'. 'FAA ta sanya yarjejeniyar sasantawa a kan daidai ƙafa tare da duk tallace-tallacen kwangilar yana fitar da zato - 'manufar ƙasa' - don goyon bayan sasantawa'".

Bayyanannun Niyya Kuma Mara kuskure

“Bayanin Wakilin… yana ba da cewa 'muhawarori da suka taso daga ko suka shafi fassarar ko aiwatar da wannan tanadin sulhu, gami da aiwatarwa, sokewa ko ingancin abin da aka tanada… mai sasantawa ne zai yanke hukunci ba kotu ko alkali ba'. Musamman ma, Masu gabatar da kara ba sa kalubalantar sahihancin tanadin wakilai kai tsaye. Don haka, ya kamata a ba da shawarar wanda ake tuhuma a kan wannan kawai kuma yanke hukunci game da hare-haren da masu gabatar da kara suka yi game da tanadin sulhu ya kamata a bar su ga mai shiga tsakani saboda a bayyane yake kuma babu shakka cewa bangarorin sun amince da yanke hukunci (in ji Sena v. Uber Technologies Inc. , 2016 WL 1376445 (D. Ariz. Afrilu 7, 2016)). Duk da haka, ko da Kotu za ta yi nazarin ingancin tanadin sulhu gabaɗaya, ba da hujjar rashin amincewar masu ƙara sun gaza kan cancantar.

Yin ciniki Adalci

“[P] rashin sanin yakamata ya magance daidaiton tsarin ciniki. Kamar yadda wanda ake tuhuma ya nuna, babu wani tsari da ba a sani ba saboda masu shigar da kara suna da cikakkiyar 'yancin ficewa daga cikin tanadin sulhu (ba tare da) wani mummunan tasiri akan sauran sharuɗɗan kwangilar masu ƙara ba kuma yawancin direbobin Uber sun yi amfani da haƙƙinsu na ficewa daga cikin shari'ar. Bayar da Hukunci”.

Rarraba Kudade

“Babban rashin fahimta yana mai da hankali kan daidaiton sharuɗɗan kwangila. Masu shigar da kara suna jayayya cewa batun raba kudade na tanadin Arbitration ya mayar da kwangilar gefe guda kuma rashin adalci. Wannan tanadin ya ce, a cikin abin da ya dace: 'Sai dai idan doka ta buƙaci akasin haka, kamar yadda mai yanke hukunci ya ƙaddara bisa ga yanayin da aka gabatar, za a buƙaci ku raba kuɗin kowane hukunci da Kamfanin'. Har ila yau, akwai harshe da ke ƙasa a cikin takaddar a ƙarƙashin nau'in 'Biyan Kuɗi Don Hukunci' wanda ke faɗi a cikin sashin da ya dace: 'A duk lokuta inda doka ta buƙata, Kamfanin zai biya kuɗaɗen Arbitrator da na sasantawa. Idan a ƙarƙashin dokar da ta dace, ba a buƙatar Kamfanin ya biya duk kuɗin sasantawa da / ko sasantawa, irin wannan kuɗin (s) za a raba shi daidai tsakanin bangarorin'… farashin sasantawa na haram ko tsadar rashin adalci…Hakika, Masu gabatar da kara ba za su iya haifar da kuɗaɗen sasantawa ba a ƙarƙashin yanayi da yawa, gami da idan sun yi nasara kan da'awarsu. Don haka, ba za a iya gano ainihin rashin fahimta ba. "

Kammalawa

“Jam’iyyun sun kulla yarjejeniyoyin da za a iya aiwatar da su don yin sulhu da tambayoyin sasantawa. Kotun ta kuma yanke shawarar cewa Bayar da Arbitration da ake magana a nan ba shi da tushe a karkashin dokar Florida… Kotun (kori) wannan matakin domin masu gabatar da kara su gabatar da da'awarsu ga yin sulhu a kan kowane mutum.

Mai Shari'a Dickerson yana rubutu game da dokar tafiye tafiye tsawon shekaru 39 gami da litattafan da yake sabuntawa na shekara-shekara, Dokar Tafiya, Law Journal Press (2016) da Litigating International Torts a Kotunan Amurka, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2016), kuma sama da labarai na doka 400 wadanda yawancinsu ana samun su a nycourts.gov/courts/9jd/taxcertatd.shtml. Justice Dickerson kuma shine marubucin Ayyuka na Aji: Doka ta 50 Jihohi, Law Journal Press (2016). Don ƙarin labarai na dokar tafiye-tafiye da ci gaba, musamman a cikin membobin membobin EU, duba IFTTA.org.

Ba za a sake buga wannan labarin ba tare da izinin Thomas A. Dickerson ba.

Karanta yawancin labaran Justice Dickerson nan.