Jiyya da Alurar riga kafi: Labarin nasarar COVID-19 na Turai

Abinda aka fi mayar da hankali shi ne musamman kan kayayyakin magani waɗanda tuni an amince da su don wata cuta ko kuma aƙalla suna cikin ci gaba. Maimaita su zai iya yin nasara cikin sauri fiye da sabon cigaba.

Da dama ana gwajin kwayoyi masu yawa a halin yanzu don dacewa da cutar kwayar cutar Covid-19. Yawancin lokaci suna cikin ɗayan ƙungiyoyi uku masu zuwa:

Koyaya, har yanzu akwai ayyukan don sababbin ci gaban magunguna.

Samun tsabta cikin sauri game da dacewar magani

A cikin yawan karatun da aka yi kuma ana gwada irin wannan magani don dacewa a cikin Sin da sauran wurare, ƙalilan marasa lafiya kaɗan ne suka shiga; kuma galibi ba a yin kwatancen kai tsaye tare da marasa lafiya waɗanda ke karɓar magani na asali kawai ba tare da ƙarin magani ba. Irin waɗannan karatun ana iya saita su da sauri, amma sakamakon su sau da yawa shubuha ne. Har ila yau, akwai marasa lafiya na Covid-19 da yawa a cibiyoyin shan magani na duniya, amma ba su da yawa da za a iya amfani da su don gwada duk magungunan da ake gabatarwa yanzu.

Saboda haka Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Turai (EMA) ta yi kira ga kamfanoni da cibiyoyin bincike don shirya manyan kasashe, masu makamai da yawa, sarrafawa da bazuwar karatun marasa lafiya don magungunan su kamar yadda ya kamata:

Irin wannan karatun, a cewar EMA, zai iya haifar da bayyanannen sakamako kan dacewar kwayoyi idan aka kwatanta da karamin karatu, wanda hakan kuma zai ba da izinin magungunan da ke kan Covid-19.

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) a kwanan nan ta sanar da irin wannan binciken: wannan binciken, wanda ake kira SOLIDARITY, an yi niyyar kwatanta magunguna hudu da kayan magani wadanda suka cancanci canjin aiki da juna da kuma tsarkakakken magani na asali. Don haka binciken zai sami “makamin binciken” (= nau'ikan magani) wanda ake sa ran marasa lafiya dubu da dama zasu shiga - rarraba su bazu:

Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya daga Argentina, Iran da Afirka ta Kudu za su shiga cikin binciken. Kwamitin saka idanu zai rika duba sakamakon wucin gadi na binciken tare da kawo karshen makaman binciken wanda marasa lafiya ba su da kyau (ko ma mafi munin) fiye da rukunin sarrafawa. Haka kuma yana yiwuwa a ƙara ƙarin makamai a cikin binciken, wanda sai an gwada sauran ƙarin jiyya.

A lokaci guda, binciken BAYANAI ya fara a Turai da Burtaniya tare da tsari iri daya, wanda kungiyar bincike ta Faransa INSERM ta shirya. Marasa lafiya 3,200 daga Jamus, Belgium, Faransa, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden da kuma Burtaniya ne za su halarci. Maimakon chloroquine, ya kamata a yi amfani da irin wannan maganin zazzabin cizon sauro na hydroxychloroquine.

Maimaitawa aka asali ci gaba da Kimiyya ta Gilead game da kamuwa da cutar ta Ebola (wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba), amma an nuna yana da tasiri kan ƙwayoyin cutar MERS a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ana gwada maganin tare da wannan sashin mai aiki a cikin binciken da yawa game da SARS-CoV-2.

CytoDyn shine gwada ko maganin rigakafi ne Leronlimab yana da tasiri a kan kwayar cutar corona. An haɓaka ta na dogon lokaci game da cutar kanjamau da sau uku masu mummunan kansar nono, wanda tuni aka gwada shi a cikin karatu. Wani gwaji na zamani na Covid-19 yanzu yana jiran.

AbbVie yana da wani magani na HIV tare da hade na sinadaran aiki lopinavir/ritonaviran samar dashi don gwaji azaman magani na Covid-19. Nazarin tare da marasa lafiya yana gudana, gami da binciken da marasa lafiya suma shakar Novaferon daga Fasaha ta Beijing Genova . Wannan alpha interferon an yarda dashi a China don maganin hepatitis B. Maganin yanzu ana gwada shi a manyan karatu a duk duniya.

Kamfanin Ascletis Pharma ya haɗu sakadavir maimakon haka tare da amincewa a cikin China don maganin hepatitis C tare da sinadarin aiki Danoprevir . Karatun yana gudana.

A China, kamfanin Kamfanin magunguna na Zhejiang Hisun Nazarin asibiti a kan maganin Covid-19 tare da maganin rigakafin ƙwayar cuta wanda ke ɗauke da sinadarin aiki favilavir yarda. Ya zuwa yanzu, favilavir an yarda ne kawai don maganin mura (a Japan da China).

Hakanan a zahiri kan cutar mura yana cikin ci gaba Saukewa: ATR-002 , mai hana kinase na kamfanin Atriva Therapeutics a Tübingen. Kamfanin yanzu yana nazarin ko abun da ke cikin aiki na iya hana yaduwar SARS-CoV-2.

APEIRON Biologics (Vienna) da Jami'ar British Columbia suna son maganin APN01test wanda ya fito daga binciken SARS kuma an riga an gwada shi a cikin nazarin haƙuri game da sauran cututtukan huhu. Yana toshe wata kwayar halitta a saman ƙwayoyin huhu waɗanda ƙwayoyin cuta ke amfani da ita azaman manufa don shiga cikin ƙwayoyin.

Chloroquine hakika ya zama sananne a matsayin mai aiki a cikin maganin zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma an ba da umarnin ne kaɗan kaɗan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Koyaya, yanzu an san cewa ana iya amfani da sinadarin mai aiki ta hanyar ƙwayar cuta. Bayan gwajin gwaji mai kyau akan SARS-CoV-2. Har ila yau, masu binciken na kasar Sin sun kuma samu labarin cewa maganin chloroquine ya tabbatar yana da tasiri a cikin binciken asibiti. Daga nan kamfanin na Bayer ya sake samar da shirye-shiryensa na asali tare da chloroquine. Karatu akan

magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro tare da irin wannan kayan aikin hydroxychloroquine suma a halin yanzu ana duba su. Kamfanin Novartis ya yarda ya goyi bayan waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen da kuma bayarwa dangane da yanke shawara mai kyau da hukumomi suka yi a ƙarshen Mayu har zuwa ɗari-ɗari na sashi guda miliyan 130 don maganin mutane a duniya. Hakanan, Sanofi don samar da maganin malaria tare da wannan maganin wadatar.

Daga filin aikace-aikacen da ya gabata, Camostat Mesilat a zahiri ba wakili ne na rigakafin cuta ba - an yarda da magani tare da shi a Japan don ƙonewar ƙwayar cuta. Koyaya, masu bincike daga wata kungiyar hadin gwiwar cibiyoyin bincike na Jamus karkashin jagorancin Primary Center a Göttingen sun gano cewa yana hana enzyme daga kwayoyin huhu a dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda ke da mahimmanci don kutsawa cikin kwayoyin cutar SARS-CoV-2. Don haka kuna shirin gwada shi a cikin karatun asibiti.

Hakanan sinadarin aiki Brilacidin daga kamfanin Innovation Pharmaceuticals ba asali ne ya inganta kan ƙwayoyin cuta ba. Maimakon haka, ana gwada shi a halin yanzu don maganin cututtukan hanji masu kumburi da kumburi na murfin baka. Koyaya, ana sa ran cewa zata iya kai hari akan ambulan na waje na cutar SARS-CoV-2. Wannan ana bincika shi a halin yanzu cikin al'adun ƙwayoyin halitta.

Kamfanin na Spain PharmaMar na son yin gwajin maganinsa tare da sinadarin plitidepsin a wani binciken da ya yi da kamfanin Covid-19 bayan ya karfafa gwaje-gwajen dakin binciken. Magungunan, wanda a zahiri aka amince dashi a Ostiraliya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya don maganin myeloma mai yawa (wani nau'i na ciwon sanƙarar ƙashi), dole ne ya hana yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta saboda yana toshe furotin da ake buƙata EF1A a cikin ƙwayoyin da abin ya shafa.

Pfizer shine a halin yanzu ana gwada ƙarin maganin rigakafin cutar a dakin gwaje-gwaje da kamfanin ya samar a baya don maganin wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Idan ɗayan ko fiye daga cikinsu suka tabbatar da kansu a cikin gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje, Pfizer zai gabatar da su ga gwaje-gwajen toxicology masu dacewa kuma su fara gwaji tare da mutane a ƙarshen 2020. Hakanan, MSD a halin yanzu bincika wannene magungunan rigakafi a kan SARS-CoV-2 na iya zama mai tasiri. Novartis yana bincika wanene daga samfuranta da waɗanne abubuwa daga laburaren kayanta don ci gaban ƙwayoyi kuma zasu iya dacewa da maganin marasa lafiya na Covid 19 - ya zama maganin ƙwayoyin cuta ko kuma ta wata hanyar daban (duba ƙasa).

Hanyoyin yin rigakafi sune ainihin kyawawa ga mutanen da suka kamu; kawai kada su wuce gona da iri har suyi barna fiye da taimako a cikin huhu.
A saboda wannan dalili, yawancin halayen rigakafi a cikin marasa lafiya masu tsanani za a dushe su a cikin ayyukan da yawa.

Sanofi da Regeneron suna gwada modulator na rigakafi sarilumab a cikin nazarin tare da wadanda ke fama da cutar Covid-19. An yarda da wannan mai adawa da interleukin-6 don maganin rheumatism.

Roche yana gwada abokin adawarsa na interleukin-6 tocilizumabtare da marasa lafiya na Covid-19 waɗanda ke da ciwon huhu mai tsanani. An riga an yarda da maganin don maganin cututtukan zuciya na rheumatoid. Hakanan likitocin China sun gwada shi a kan marasa lafiyar da suka kamu da alade na 'yan makonni.

Likitocin kasar China suma suna gwajin wannan fingolod immunomodulator tare da marasa lafiya. Novartis ne ya kirkireshi don maganin cutar sankarau da yawa kuma an yarda dashi.

A Kanada, colchicine shine ana gwadawa a gwaji na asibiti zuwa yi wa wuce gona da iri, wanda Cibiyar Kula da Zuciya ta Montreal ta jagoranta. An yarda da miyagun ƙwayoyi akan gout (kuma a wasu ƙasashe kuma game da cutar pericarditis).

A cikin mahimmin ma'ana zaka iyaSodium metaarsenite (Na SA ₂ ) yana daya daga cikin masu gyaran garkuwar jiki saboda yana daskarewa da samar da wasu sinadarai na sakonnin garkuwar jiki (cytokines), wanda zai iya haifar da halayen mai karfin gaske. Kamfanin Koriya ta Kudu Komipharm ya kirkiro magani don cututtukan cututtukan tumo (sunan aikin PAX-1-001). Yanzu ya buƙaci gwajin gwaji don gwada maganin kan marasa lafiya na Covid-19.

Masu bincike na kasar Sin suna so su gwada maganin Roche tare da sinadarin pirfenidone mai aiki wanda tuni an riga an amince da shi ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar kwayar cutar huhu ta idiopathic. Wannan magani yana magance raunin ƙwayar huhu da aka lalata.

Kamfanin Kanada na Algernon Pharmaceuticals na shirin gwada maganin sa NP-120 tare da sinadarin Ifenprodil don dacewa. Ifenprodil yanzu ba shi da lasisin mallaka a Japan da Koriya ta Kudu game da cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki. Algernon ta kasance tana kirkirar magani ne kan cutar fibrosis na huhu tare da wannan sinadarin na wani lokaci.

Kamfanin fasaha na Viennese Apeptico yana son kayan aikin sa Solnatidea kan gazawar huhu na yanzu (ARSD) don dacewa ga marasa lafiyar Covid-19 da mummunar cutar huhu. Ana nufin mayar da matsi na membranes a cikin huhun huhu.

Kamfanin Amurka Biooxytran Har ila yau, a halin yanzu yana haɓaka magani tare da sinadarin aiki Bayanan BXT-25 ga marasa lafiya tare da ARDS. Ana tsammanin inganta haɓakar oxygen a cikin huhun da ya lalace kuma a taimaka wa marasa lafiya waɗanda za a iya wadatar da su da iskar oxygen ta huhun roba. Har ila yau kamfanin yana son gwada magungunansa tare da abokin tarayya don marasa lafiya marasa lafiya tare da Covid-19.

Growingarin ayyukan na iya ƙoƙarin haɓaka sabbin magunguna kan Covid-19. Akwai ayyuka guda uku:

Ga wasu misalan ayyukan daga waɗannan yankuna:

Magungunan rigakafi don allurar rigakafi

Ofaya daga cikin tsoffin hanyoyin magani don yaƙi da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta shine allurar marasa lafiya da ƙwayoyin cuta daga jinin jini na mutane (ko dabbobi) waɗanda suka rigaya sun tsira daga cutar. Maganin diphtheria antiserum na Emil von Behring daga 1891 ya riga ya sami wannan tasirin, koda kuwa babu wanda ya san wani abu game da ƙwayoyin cuta a lokacin. Wani misali shi ne sirinji na allurar riga-kafi (“passive vaccination”) na mutanen da wataƙila suka kamu da cutar tetanus saboda ba a yi musu allurar rigakafin cutar ba. Kwanan nan, magunguna da yawa masu dauke da kwayoyin cutar ta Ebola suma an nuna suna da matukar tasiri a karatu.

Yawancin ayyukan don samar da sababbin magunguna akan SARS-CoV-2 saboda haka suna mai da hankali ne akan jinin jinin tsoffin marasa lafiya Covid 19, wanda ake kira "convalescent serum". Abun fata shine cewa wasu daga cikin kwayar cutar da ta ƙunsa za ta iya sanya SARS-CoV-2 iya haifuwa a cikin jiki.

Wannan ma'anar ta biyo bayan aiki daga kamfanin Takeda: A cikin tsarin TAK-888 aikin, manufar ita ce a sami cakuda maganin daga jinin jini na mutanen da suka warke daga Covid-19 (ko kuma daga baya daga mutanen da aka yiwa rigakafin cutar ta Covid-19). Irin wannan cakuda ake kira anti-SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal hyperimmune globulin (H-IG) ; jiyya tare da “allurar rigakafin wucewa”.

Sauran kamfanoni da kungiyoyin bincike a duniya suma suna bin wannan ra'ayin na asali, amma sunci gaba da mataki daya dangane da ilimin kimiyyar kere kere: Suna kuma farawa da magani mai hade da ciki, amma sai a zabi kwayoyin da suka fi dacewa sannan a "kwafa" su da hanyoyin kere kere don samar da magani. Ofayan waɗannan ayyukan ana bin Cibiyar Karolinska ta Sweden. Wani kamfanin, AbCellera da Lilly, sun sanar da cewa cikin watanni kadan za a yi amfani da mafi inganci daga cikin kwayoyi sama da 500 da aka samu don samar da wani magani da za a iya gwadawa kan marasa lafiya. Hakanan AstraZeneca (Burtaniya), Celltrion (Koriya ta Kudu) da (a cewar rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai) Boehringer Ingelheim da Cibiyar Nazarin Kamuwa da Cututtuka ta Jamus (DZIF) suna aiki don haɓaka magani ta wannan hanyar.

Ungiyar haɗin gwiwar cibiyoyin bincike a cikin Amurka ta ci gaba da mataki ɗaya a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Shirye-shiryen Balance na DARPA. A ƙarshe, maganin su bai kamata ya ƙunsar kofe na ƙwayoyin cuta masu tasiri daga ƙwayar jini ba, amma maimakon haka kwayoyin - saboda mRNA. Duk wanda aka yiwa allurar wannan mRNA yana samar da kwayoyin cutar kansu a jikin shi na wani dan lokaci kuma yana da kariya. Amfani da wannan aikin: Zai yuwu a iya samar da adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyi da sauri fiye da idan zaka samar da kwayoyin cutar ta hanyar fasaha. Rashin fa'ida: Ya zuwa yanzu, babu wani magani da ke aiki kamar wannan. James Crowe, Jami'ar Vanderbilt, Tennessee ne ya jagoranci aikin, tare da wasu, waɗanda suka karɓi Kyautar Haskakawa na gaba daga kamfanin Jamus na Merck a cikin 2019 don aikinsa na farko a wannan fannin.

Ayyuka da yawa don sababbin magunguna sun bambanta hanyar “convalescent serum”. Don haka Vir Biotechnology a baya antibodies daga jinin jini na marasa lafiya wadanda aka dawo dasu wadanda suka warke daga kamuwa da cutar ta SARS a shekarar 2003. Yanzu haka kamfanin yana yin nazari tare da cibiyoyin Amurka NIH da NIAID ko suma suna iya dakatar da yawaitar SARS-CoV-2. Vir Biotechnology yana aiki tare da kamfanin Amurka na Biogen da kamfanin kasar Sin WuXi Biologics don samar da kimiyyar kere-kere na "kwafin" wadannan kwayoyi.

Masanin Kimiyyar daga Jami'ar Utrecht (Netherlands) ya kuma gwada kwayoyi daga jinin jini na SARS convalescents daga 2003. Sun sami wani maganin da zai iya hana yaduwar SARS-CoV-2 a cikin al'ada. Ya kamata yanzu a kara gwada shi. Regeneron shine  yana gudanar da irin wannan aikin: Kamfanin yana gwada magani tare da ƙwayoyin cuta na monoclonal SHARA'A 3048 da kuma SHARA'A 3051 a cikin wani lokaci na yi nazari tare da masu sa kai. An kirkiro wadannan kwayoyin ne don magance cutar MERS, wacce ke da alaka da SARS-CoV-2. Ayyuka masu gudana a matakan farko don magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta Researchungiyar bincike a Jami'ar Lübeck na bin wata hanyar

Shekaru da yawa yana haɓaka abin da ake kira alpha-ketoamides a matsayin jami'ai masu rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta game da corona da enteroviruses (waɗanda ke da alhakin ɓarna baki tsakanin sauran abubuwa). A cikin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, sabbin abubuwa na gwaji suna hana yaduwar wadannan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ofayansu, wanda ake kira “13b”, an inganta shi akan ƙwayoyin cuta na corona. Yanzu ana gwada shi a cikin al'adun ƙwayoyin halitta da dabbobi kuma, idan akwai sakamako mai kyau, a gwada shi tare da mutane tare da kamfanin harhada magunguna.

Sabbin ayyukan bunkasa magunguna

Da yawa daga cikin manyan kamfanonin harhada magunguna sun haɗu don haɓaka sabbin magungunan warkewa (kamar alurar riga kafi da bincike) a kan Covid-19. A mataki na farko, zasu samar da tarin tarin kwayoyin su, wanda wasu bayanai kan aminci da yanayin aikinsu suna nan. Wadannan za a gwada su ta kayan aikin "Covid-19 Therapeutics Accelerator", wanda Gidauniyar Gates, Wellcome da Mastercard suka ƙaddamar. Don kwayoyin da aka sanya su a matsayin masu alamar gaske, gwaji tare da dabbobi suma za'a fara su cikin watanni biyu. Ofungiyar kamfanonin sun hada da BD, bioMérieux, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Gilead, GSK, Janssen (Johnson & Johnson), MSD, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer da Sanofi.

Kamfanonin suna bin wani shiri daban-dabanVir Pharmaceuticals da Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. Kun sanar cewa zaku bunkasa wadanda ake kira siRNA jamiái wadanda suke toshe kwayar cutar ta hanyar sanya wasu kwayoyin halittarta su daina aiki. Hanyar ana kiranta dakatar da jini.