Tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje: Sue a gida kuma

Mu koma kan batun inda za mu kai kara idan mai yawon bude ido ya samu munanan raunuka yayin tafiya kasar waje [Dickerson, Hatsarin balaguro a kasashen waje: inda za a kai kara, www.eturbonews.com (3/27/2014)]. A wannan makon muna nazarin shari'ar Lerner v. Friends of Mayanot Institute, Inc., 2015 WL 868292 (1st Dept. 2015), aff'g yanke shawara mai kwanan watan Afrilu 21, 2014 na Justice Manuel J. Mendez, Index No: 159038/2012 (NY Sup.)(“Mai shigar da karar ta yi zargin cewa a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 2009, yayin da take tafiya zuwa Isra’ila, an yi mata fyade a otal din King Solomon da ke Tiberias, Isra’ila. Illinois da shiga cikin shirin Taglit-Haihuwa zuwa Isra'ila.Wannan shirin ya tallata a shafinsa na yanar gizo cewa Yahudawa masu shekaru tsakanin 18-26 da ba su taba zuwa Isra'ila ba za su iya shiga cikin balaguron neman ilimi kyauta zuwa Isra'ila.Shafin yanar gizon ya kuma tallata. tafiya a matsayin 'kyauta', amma imel ɗin da aka aika wa mai ƙara yana yin bayanin cikakkun bayanai na rajista ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar ajiya mai 'cikakkiya'. wadanda ake tuhuma ”). Ta yaya kuma dalilin da yasa za a yi shari'ar wannan shari'ar a Amurka ba a Isra'ila ba kamar yadda wadanda ake tuhuma suka nema za a tattauna a kasa.

Sabunta Dokar Tafiya

An Gaggauta Co-Pilot Lokacin Saukowa

A cikin Clerk, Germanwings Co-Pilot Accelerated A Lokacin Saukarwa, Bayanai Daga Nunin Rikodi na 2, nytimes.com (4/3/2015) jirgin ya nufi kasa...a bisa bayanai daga na biyu na jirgin da ake kira black box...bayanin sun nuna cewa mataimakin matukin jirgin mai shekaru 27...ya yi amfani da matukin jirgi wajen jagorantar jirgin ya sauka zuwa tsayin kafa 100. Sa'an nan, 'sau da yawa a lokacin da…, matukin jirgin ya daidaita matukin jirgi ta atomatik don ƙara saurin jirgin yayin da yake saukowa').

Jirage Ba Matuka?

A cikin Markoff, Planes Without Pilots, nytimes.com (4/6/2015) an lura da cewa "Matukin jirgi nawa ne, wasu mamaki, suke da matukar mahimmanci a cikin jiragen kasuwanci? Daya? Babu ko? Ci gaban fasahar firikwensin, kwamfuta da kuma basirar wucin gadi suna sa matukan jirgi na ɗan adam ba su da buƙata fiye da kowane lokaci a cikin kurfi…

An riga an sarrafa zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci… A wani bincike na baya-bayan nan na matukan jirgin sama, wadanda ke aiki da Boeing 777s sun ba da rahoton cewa sun kwashe mintuna bakwai kacal suna tuka jiragen da hannu a wani jirgin sama na yau da kullun. Matukin jirgi da ke aiki da jiragen Airbus sun shafe rabin lokacin”.

Airbnb Yana buɗewa a Cuba

A Weissenstein, Airbnb ya buɗe a Cuba, meetings-conventions.com (4/2/2015)("Shahararriyar sabis ɗin hayar gida ta kan layi Airbnb yana barin Amurkawa matafiya su yi masauki a Cuba daga ranar Alhamis…Airbnb yana neman 'Cuba' yanzu ya juya. Fiye da kadarorin 1,000 a fadin tsibirin, tare da kashi 40 cikin dari a Havana, sauran kuma a wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Cienfuegos 'yan sa'o'i kadan a kudancin gabar teku. , kuma yana shirin fadadawa a hankali a cikin watanni masu zuwa”.

Masu yawon bude ido A Matsayin ƴan leƙen Haraji?

A cikin Alderman, A Girka, Matsakaicin Lokaci da Matsalolin Offbeat, nytimes.com (3/7/2015) an lura cewa “Athen yana saurin ƙarewa da kuɗi. Don haka yana da ban sha'awa don nemo sababbin, har ma da hanyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi don cike gibin - ciki har da shawarar daukar 'yan ƙasa da masu yawon bude ido don leken asiri a kan wadanda ake zargi da kin biyan haraji ... Shawarar neman 'yan leƙen asirin haraji-'yan yawon bude ido, ɗalibai, masu aikin gida da sauran masu sa ido na ƙwararru. - 'don gabatar da, bayan wasu horo na asali, a matsayin abokan ciniki, a madadin hukumomin haraji, yayin da aka yi amfani da su don sauti da bidiyo', a cewar wata wasika da ke rakiyar shawarwarin da ministan kudi na Girka… ya aika makon da ya gabata… a dala biliyan 76 (Yuro), an yi shirin ne don tsoratar da masu karbar haraji da kuma haifar da 'sabon al'adar biyan haraji', in ji wasikar. Ku kasance da mu.

Zauren da ba su dace ba

Wannan labarin ya tattauna haɗarin balaguron balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje da zaɓin kotun Amurka inda matafiyan da suka ji rauni zai iya neman diyya da ta dace. Wannan bincike ya ɗauka cewa zaɓaɓɓen kotun Amurka na da hurumin kan otal ɗin waje da/ko mai ba da ƙasa na gida [Dickerson Hurisdiction da Intanet, www.eturbonews.com (1/14/2014) da Dickerson Keɓaɓɓen Hukuncin Kan Masu Bayar da Balaguro na Ƙasashen Waje www.eturbonews.com (2/26/2014)]. Ko da yake yana ƙarƙashin ikon kansa mai ba da balaguron balaguro na ƙasashen waje na iya neman yin watsi da shari'ar a kan cewa dandalin Amurka da aka zaɓa bai dace ba. An san wannan ra'ayi a matsayin koyaswar dandalin da ba dace ba [Dokar Tafiya, Sashe na 1.03[4] [5]]. www.eturbonews.com

Cin Duri da Ilimin Jima'i

Ana iya fuskantar masu yawon bude ido da cin zarafi yayin balaguro zuwa kasashen waje [Starkey v. GAP Adventures, Inc., 2014 WL 1271233 (SDNY 2014)(wata mace ta sayi tafiya "Galapagos a kan Takalmi" kuma ta yi zargin cewa shugaban yawon shakatawa ya yi mata fyade; aiwatar da magana); Doe v. Ritz Carlton Hotel Company, 2015 WL 221106 (ED Pa. 2015) (ma'aikacin otal da ake zargin ya yi lalata da ƙaramin baƙo); Jami’an ‘yan sandan birnin Paris da ake zargi da yi wa ‘yan yawon bude ido ‘yar kasar Canada fyade, www.www.eturbonews.com (4/28/2014); Jami'an tsaron filin jirgin saman Jakarta sun yi wa 'yan yawon bude ido 'yan kasar China fyade, www.eturbonews.com (12/29/2014); An yi garkuwa da wasu 'yan yawon bude ido Iran, an yi musu fyade a Dubai, www.eturbonews.com (8/27/2014); An wanke ma'aikaciyar Dubai da laifin fyaden 'yan yawon bude ido, www.eturbonews.com (8/24/2014); Wani dan luwadi ya yi wa wani dan yawon bude ido dan Birtaniya fyade a Munich Octoberfest,www.eturbonews.com (10/1/2014). Duba kuma: Gidan shakatawa na Cortez v. Palace (ciwon jima'i daga mazaje masu yin jima'i a otal a Mexico); Blankley v. Marriott Corp. (taɓawar da ba ta dace ba yayin tausa a Puerto Rico)]; O'Keefe v. Inca Floats, Inc. (ci zarafin jima'i a lokacin tafiya zuwa tsibirin Galapagos); Doe v. Sun International Hotels, Ltd. (wanda aka yiwa bako fyade a wurin shakatawa a Bahamas); Girden v. Sandals International (dan yawon bude ido da aka yi wa fyade a kan karamin jirgin ruwa a Jamaica); Catalano v. NWA, Inc. (dan yawon bude ido da aka yi wa fyade a lokacin balaguron balaguron ruwa a kan wani jirgin ruwan kifin rana na mutum biyu a Jamaica); Creteau v. Liberty Travel, Inc. (dan yawon bude ido da aka yi wa fyade da fashi a Jamaica); Flanagan v. Wyndham International, Inc. (an yi lalata da yara a wurin kula da rana a otal a St. Thomas).

Zabar Dandalin Sada Zumunta

Yayin da mai yawon shakatawa da ya ji rauni yana iya samun zaɓi na yin shari'ar da'awar sa a cikin ƙasar waje da hatsarin ya faru, doka na iya zama ƙasa da tausayi ga matafiyi da suka ji rauni a, a tsakanin sauran wurare, Masar [MacLachlin v. Marriott Corporation (dan yawon bude ido da aka jefa daga) Raƙumi mai fushi a Masar: “Taron Masarawa wanda ya dogara da shari’ar Kur’ani zai kasance mai tsanani ga mai ƙara”; Faransa [A Re Air Crash Off Long Island, New York (hadarin iska; Faransa ba ta ƙyale ladaran ladabtarwa); Jamhuriyar Dominican [Calvo v. Sol Melia, SA (dan yawon bude ido ya buge da wani jirgin ruwa a lokacin yin iyo; Jamhuriyar Dominican ba ta amince da da'awar samfur); Turkiyya [Mercier v. Sheraton International, Inc. ( takaddamar kwangilar kwangila; Turkiyya na iya ƙila ta amince da ikirari na karya kwangila ko tsangwama ga kwangilar); Nowack v. Tak Yadda Inv. Ltd. (hadarin nutsewa; doka ba ta da tabbas a Hong Kong); Malaysia [Simcox v. McDermott International (zamewa da faɗuwa a kan jirgin ruwa; Malaysia tana da irin wannan doka mai mahimmanci ga Amurka); Tsibirin Cayman [Lehman v. Humphrey Cayman Ltd. (murmurewa don rashin kuskure a Tsibirin Cayman bazai wuce $5000 ba); China [Barkanic v. Babban Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama (hadarin iska; matsakaicin lalacewar da za a iya dawo da shi ya iyakance zuwa $20,000); Mexico [Wendelken v. Kotun Koli (zamewa da faɗuwa; Meziko ta iyakance asarar albashin da aka rasa zuwa pesos 25 a kowace rana)].

Dokokin Tsarukan Waje

Tsarin shari'a na ƙasashen waje na iya hana ƙararrawa kamar yadda muka sani a Amurka ta, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, hana shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi tare da lauyoyi da shari'ar juri a, a tsakanin sauran wurare, Bermuda [Bruemmer v. Marriott Corp. (baƙon otal yana wasan golf ya faɗi. kashe wani dutse kusa da yankin tee don rami na 18 kuma daga baya ya mutu sakamakon raunin da ya samu; babu wasu kudade masu yawa a Bermuda); Bahamas. Cuba [Club Resorts Ltd. V. Van Breda 18 SCC 2012 (17) ("Wani gwaji da aka gudanar a Cuba zai gabatar da kalubale mai tsanani ga jam'iyyun. Ana iya samun matsaloli tare da shaidu, damuwa game da aikace-aikacen hanyoyin gida, da kuma kashe kuɗi a cikin shari'a. a can ... nauyin da ke kan masu kara a fili zai fi girma idan an buƙaci su kawo aikin su a Cuba "); Tsibirin Cayman [Wilson v. Humphreys Cayman Ltd (fyade a otal; babu kudade na gaggawa ko shari'ar juri a tsibirin Cayman); Lehman da Humphrey Cayman Ltd. Jamaica [Reid-Walen v. Hansen (haɗarin kwale-kwale; babu kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe ko gwajin juri a Jamaica); Lugones v. Sandals Resorts, Inc. (babu kuɗaɗen gaggawa ko gwajin juri a Jamaica) da Isra'ila [Gyenes v. Sionist Organization of America (dalibi ya nutse a Kogin Urdun; babu hakkin yin shari'a a Isra'ila); ].

Shin Zaɓaɓɓen Dandalin Ya Dace?

Matafiya da suka ji rauni a ƙasashen waje na iya fara ƙara a wata kotun Amurka game da layin jirgin ruwa, otal na waje, kamfanin bas, ma'aikacin yawon buɗe ido, mai tallata balaguro na yau da kullun ko wasu ma'aikatan ƙasa daban-daban. A mayar da martani wadanda ake kara na iya neman yin watsi da karar saboda taron Amurka da aka zaba bai dace ba [forum non conveniens] ko ​​wani sashe a cikin tikitin fasinja, fom din rajista na otal ko kwangilar mahalarta yawon shakatawa ya ce dole ne a gabatar da duk karar a cikin wani takamaiman dandalin tattaunawa. [shaɗin zaɓin dandalin].

Zaɓin Mai ƙara yana da Muhimmanci

Ko da yake ba ta da kyau, dandalin da mai gabatar da kara ya zaba, musamman idan shi ko ita yana zaune a wannan dandalin, za a yi la'akari sosai kafin a yi watsi da karar a kan dalilan da ba su dace ba [duba Guidi v. Inter-Continental Hotels Corp. (Kisan kai a otal din Masar; "ya kamata a ba da fifikon zabin kotun Amurka kan kotun kasashen waje")).

Talla A Dandalin

Idan wanda ake tuhuma ya yi tallace-tallace da kuma neman kasuwanci a cikin dandalin, ya kamata a yi tsammanin samuwa don kararrakin da mazauna da suka ji rauni suka kawo. A cikin Reid-Walen da Hansen, wani shari'ar da ta shafi hatsarin kwalekwale a Bahamas, Kotun ta gano cewa saboda neman otal na Bahamian na kasuwanci a Amurka "bai kamata (duka) mamaki… kotunan Amurka." Kuma a cikin Nowak v. Tak Yadda Inv. Ltd., shari'ar da ta shafi nutsewa a wani wurin shakatawa na otal na Hong Kong, Kotun ta ce ana samun kudin kasuwanci don amsa kararraki a Amurka Kotun Nowak ta kuma bayyana cewa Massachusetts, inda aka gabatar da karar, ta samu ƙwaƙƙwaran sha'awar kare ƴan ƙasa daga roƙe-roƙe don ayyuka marasa aminci.

Samuwar Madadin Madadin

Gabaɗaya, Kotu ba za ta yi watsi da ƙara ba sai dai idan akwai wata hanyar da ta dace don sauraron iƙirarin mai ƙara. Kotuna sun bambanta sosai kan yadda madadin dandalin zai iya kasancewa har yanzu “samuwa”. Abubuwan kamar ko taron kasashen waje ya amince da ka'idodin shari'a na Amurka [Mercier v. Sheraton International, Inc. (rashin nuna cewa dokar Turkiyya ta amince da ikirarin karya kwangilar da kuma tsangwama ga kwangila)], yana ba da damar shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi tare da lauyoyi [Lugons] v. Sandals Resorts, Inc. (babu kuɗaɗen biyan kuɗi a Jamaica)], yana ba da gwajin juri [Flynn v. General Motors, Inc. .(iyakance akan lahanin ladabtarwa ba mai lalacewa ba); Sullivan da otal-otal na Starwood a duk duniya (zamewa da faɗuwa a garejin ajiye motocin otal na kasar Sin kuma an yi masa tiyata a Asibitin Iyali na Beijing, an hana taron tattaunawa da ba a yarda da shi ba; Sin ba ta dace da dandalin tattaunawa ba); Club Resorts Ltd. V. Van Breda 2012 SCC 17 (2012) ("Wani gwaji da aka gudanar a Cuba zai gabatar da kalubale mai tsanani ga jam'iyyun. Ana iya samun matsaloli tare da shaidu, damuwa game da aikace-aikacen hanyoyin gida, da kuma kashe kuɗi a cikin shari'ar a can" )].

Wurin Shaidu Da Shaida

Tabbatarwa ko kare shari'ar haɗari na iya buƙatar samar da shaidu da takaddun shaida da shaida na zahiri waɗanda ke cikin dandalin nesa inda hatsarin ya faru. A cikin muhawarar korar wanda ake tuhuma zai nuna wa Kotun jerin muhimman shaidun da suka wuce ikon Kotun kuma, saboda haka, ba su da samuwa don shari'a [Dunham v. Hotelera Canco, SA (hadarin snorkeling a Mexico; shaidun da ba su ƙarƙashin ikon sammaci na Amurka kotuna); Carney v. Singapore Airlines (hatsarin yawon shakatawa a Indonesia; wanda ake tuhuma ba zai iya gabatar da shaidu ba idan an kawo wani mataki a Amurka); Club Resorts Ltd. V. Van Breda 2012 SCC 17 (2012) ("Wani gwaji da aka gudanar a Cuba zai gabatar da kalubale mai tsanani ga jam'iyyun. Ana iya samun matsaloli tare da shaidu")). Wanda ake tuhuma kuma na iya tabbatar da cewa dole ne alkali su kasance suna da ra'ayi game da wurin da hatsarin ya faru [duba Rudisill v. Sheraton Copenhagen Corp. (baƙon ya faɗi a cikin ɗakin wanka na otal; ra'ayin wurin muhimmin la'akari)]. Dole ne Kotun ta bincika ainihin larura na kowane shaida da aka jera [Calvo v. Sol Melia, SA (Babban yawon shakatawa na Spain ya buge da wani jirgin ruwa a lokacin yin iyo a bakin teku a Jamhuriyar Dominican; duk shaidu 41 na hadarin sun rayu a Jamhuriyar Dominican kuma suna magana da Mutanen Espanya kawai; motsi yin watsi da ba; Abouchalache v. Hilton International Co. (fashewar bam a otal na London; shaidun da suka wajaba da kuma kallon wurin da hatsarin ya faru a Landan; an ba da shawarar korar)] da yanke shawara ko akwai wasu hanyoyin shaidar da za su sa gaban mai shaida bai zama dole ba kamar abubuwan da suka faru, gabatarwar bidiyo da maganganun rantsuwa [Bruemmer v. Marriott Corp. (shigarwa, kaset na bidiyo, samfuri, Hotuna masu yarda da madadin shaida)].

Maganar Lerner

Bayan da aka yi nazari da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su wajen yanke shawarar wane dandalin ya kamata ya ji wani lamari na hatsarin balaguron balaguro mu koma Lerner v. Friends of Mayanot Institute, Inc., 2015 WL 868292 (1st Dept. 2015), aff'g Decision kwanan watan Afrilu. 21, 2014 na Justice Manuel J. Mendez, Index No: 159038/2012 (NY Sup.) A gaban kotun shari'a wadanda ake tuhuma ciki har da Friends of Mayanot Institute, da ke New York, sun yi watsi da karar a kan dalilan da ya kamata a yi. An ji a Isra’ila domin “(1) an yi lalata da Isra’ila, (2) ma’aikatan Mayanot da suka shaida al’amuran suna cikin Isra’ila, (3) ma’aikatan otal na Sarki Sulemanu da suka shaida abin yana cikin Isra’ila, (4) Asibiti da likitocin da mai shigar da kara ya nemi magani na farko suna cikin Isra'ila, (5) masu binciken 'yan sanda suna cikin Isra'ila da (6) idan wadanda ake tuhuma suna son yin ikirarin a kan otal din King Solomon, dole ne su yi ikirarin a Isra'ila.

Da yake mayar da martani mai shigar da karar ya ce “ wadanda ake tuhumar su ne ke da alhakin kula da mahalarta tafiyar tare da samar da jami’an tsaro da jami’an tsaro da kwararrun likitocin da suka horar da su don tafiyar. Bayan ya koma Amurka, mai gabatar da kara ya karbi kuma ya ci gaba da samun kulawar likita da shawarwari daga likitoci da masu tabin hankali a New York da Illinois. Biyu daga cikin shaidun da suke tare da mai kara a daren da aka kai harin suna cikin Amurka”.

Hukuncin daukaka kara

A cikin tabbatar da hukuncin da kotun ta yanke na kin amincewa da taron wanda ake tuhuma da ba a dace ba, Kotun daukaka kara [2015 WL 868292 (1st Dept. 2015)] ta ce "Wadanda ake tuhuma sun kasa cika nauyin da ya hau kansu don nuna abubuwan da suka dace suna nuna adawa da karar da ake saurare a Sabon. York…Wadanda ake tuhuma ba su bayyana wani baƙon shaida ba, haka kuma ba su bayyana yanayi ko kuma zahirin shaidar kowane baƙon ba. Sun ba da tayin 'tabbatacciyar hasashe… cewa duk irin wannan shaidar ba za a iya samu a New York ba… Sun kuma kasa nuna cewa kotunan New York ba za su iya amfani da dokar Isra'ila ba, idan larura ta taso).

Kammalawa

Zabar wurin da ya dace wanda za a yi shari'ar da'awar matafiyi yana buƙatar tunani mai zurfi kuma ya haɗa da la'akari da abubuwa da yawa.

Marubucin, Justice Dickerson, yana rubuce-rubuce game da Dokar Tafiya tsawon shekaru 38 ciki har da littattafan shari'arsa da ake sabunta kowace shekara, Dokar Balaguro, Dokar Jarida ta Latsa (2014), da Shari'ar Laifukan Duniya a Kotunan Amurka, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2014), da sama da 300 labaran doka.

Ba za a sake buga wannan labarin ba tare da izinin Thomas A. Dickerson ba.