A cikin labarin wannan makon, mun bincika lamarin Sobel v. Cibiyar Ilimin Jirgin Ruwa, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10621 (W.D. Va. 2017) inda Kotun ta lura cewa "Wannan aikin raunin da ya faru ya samo asali ne daga wani harin jima'i da ya faru yayin da mai gabatar da kara, Molly Sobel, ke karatu a kasashen waje ta hanyar shirin da Cibiyar Ilimin Jirgin Ruwa (ISE) ta bayar. A halin yanzu shari'ar tana gaban kotu kan sabunta bukatar ISE don yanke hukunci da kuma bukatar Sobel na ba da izinin shigar da ƙarar da aka gyara. Don dalilan da suka biyo baya, za a ba da motsin ISE, kuma za a hana motsin Sobel. Bugu da kari, za a kori da'awar Sobel a kan Shailesh Tripathu, wanda ake zargi da aikata laifin ta'addanci, ba tare da nuna son kai ba."
Sabunta Manufofin Ta'addanci
Jamus
Rahoton na Travelwirenews (10/22/2017) ya yi nuni da cewa, a shekarar da muke ciki, masu gabatar da kara sun fuskanci shari'o'i sama da 900 da suka shafi ta'addanci, kusan 800 daga cikinsu sun hada da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Masu kishin Islama, ofishin mai shigar da kara na tarayya ya shaidawa jaridar Welt am Sonntag. Wadannan ba wai kawai makirce-makirce na kai wa Jamus hari ba ne, har ma da batun masu jihadi da suka bar kasar don yaki a Iraki da Siriya. A cewar hukumar leken asirin Jamus BfV, kimanin mutane 950 ne suka bar Jamus zuwa yankunan da ake yaki a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Mata da yara, ciki har da wadanda iyalansu suka dauka, kusan kashi daya bisa hudu ne na wannan kungiya, yayin da 150 daga cikin wadanda suka yi balaguro a wurin suka mutu”.
A cikin 'yan sanda na Munich: Wasu da dama sun sami raunuka a wani harin wuka, Travelwirenews (10/21/2017) an lura da cewa "Mutane da yawa sun ji rauni a Munich bayan wani maharin da ba a san ko wanene ba ya kai hari (rauni) akalla mutane hudu".
Maiduguri, Najeriya
A wani harin kunar bakin wake da ya hallaka mutane 13 a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, jami'in 'yan sanda na Travelwirenews (10/22/2017) An bayyana cewa, "Wani dan kunar bakin wake ya kashe mutane 13 a birnin Maiduguri da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ranar Lahadi ...Harin maraice, wanda kuma ya jikkata biyar. mutane, sun afkawa yankin Muna Garage na birnin…Anguwar tana da sansanin wadanda suka tsere daga rikicin Boko Haram.
Philippines
A Villamor, Barazanar ISIS a Philippines ta yadu a Yaƙe-yaƙe na nesa, nytimes (10/24/2017) an lura cewa “Shugaban Islamic State a Philippines… ya mutu… Al'ummomin dake Mindanao na yin kwarin guiwa don fafutuka na gaba…Wannan yunkuri na 'yan aware da bacin rai na bangaranci da na siyasa da ya haddasa ta, bai taba tafiya ba. Ya rikide zuwa kungiyoyin gwagwarmayar musulmi wadanda suka yaki gwamnati shekaru da dama da suka gabata kuma a shekarun baya-bayan nan sun zama fili mai kyau ga akidar kungiyar IS… a yanzu haka ana samun karfafuwa a yanzu ta hanyar alama da albarkatun kungiyar IS ta kasa da kasa. ”
Hare-haren Somaliya 2017
In Attacks in Somalia-a 2017 Timeline, travelwirenews (10/21/2017) an lura da cewa:" Jan 2 Bam na kunar bakin wake 3 ya kashe, Jan 7 Fashe 3 ya kashe, Jan 28 Mota bam 28 kashe, Feb 19 Bam na kunar bakin wake 39 kashe, A ranar 13 ga watan Maris aka kashe bam 5, Apr 4 da bam 3 aka kashe, 9 ga watan Afrilu 15 aka kashe. Harin kunar bakin wake mutane 7 ne suka mutu, 3 ga watan Juni Mota ta kashe mutum 8, 8 ga watan Juli Bam a gefen hanya 25 an kashe shi, 8 ga watan Yulin 15 ga watan Yuli. Bam 9 ya mutu, 20 ga Oktoba Fashe 15 ya mutu”. Kuma a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 7 wani bam a gefen hanya ya kashe mutane 2 a wajen Mogadishu babban birnin Somaliya, Travelwirenews (2/30/6).
Hasken Wuta A Puerto Rico
A cikin Acosta & Robles, Puerto Ricans Tambayi: Yaushe Fitilolin Za Su Dawo?, Nytimes (10/20/2017) an lura da cewa “Makonni huɗu bayan guguwar Maria, tana ɗaukar iska mai nisan mil 155 a awa ɗaya, ta kashe wutar lantarki. ga dukan tsibirin, 8 bisa dari na Puerto Rico har yanzu ba su da wutar lantarki. Wasu mazauna yankin ba su da wutar lantarki tsawon kwanaki 45- tun bayan da guguwar Irma ta barke bayan ranar ma'aikata. Ga Mista Rodriquez, wannan yana nufin amfani da kyandir don kunna wuta da murhun gas don dafa abinci. Yana siyan naman alade da cuku sandwiches da kofi don karin kumallo”. nanytimes
Sabbin Dokokin Tsaron Jirgin Sama
A Shepardson & Freed, kamfanonin jiragen sama sun shirya don sabbin dokokin tsaro na Amurka daga ranar Alhamis, Reuters (10/26/2017) an lura cewa "Sabbin matakan tsaro ciki har da tsauraran matakan tantance fasinja sun fara aiki ranar Alhamis kan duk jiragen da ke kan hanyar Amurka… Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya ce sabbin matakan na iya hada da gajeriyar hirar tsaro da fasinjojin da ke shiga ko kofar shiga, da yin magana kan jinkirin jirgin da kuma tsawaita lokacin aiki. Za su shafi fasinjojin jirgin sama 325,000 a kan jiragen kasuwanci kusan 2,100 da ke zuwa kullum a Amurka, kan kamfanonin jiragen sama 180 daga filayen jirgin sama 280”.
Catalonia, An Kori ku!
A Minder & Kingsley, Spain ta kori gwamnatin Catalonia bayan da yankin ya ayyana 'yancin kai, nytimes (10/27/2017) an lura da cewa "shugaban Spain ya kori gwamnatin yankin Catalonia mai tawaye a ranar Juma'a, ya rushe majalisar dokokin yankin tare da ba da umarnin gudanar da sabon zabe bayan 'yan majalisar Catalonia. ayyana kasa mai cin gashin kanta ba bisa ka'ida ba. Rikicin ya haifar da rikicin siyasa mafi girma a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya afkawa Spain, wacce ke fitowa daga tabarbarewar tattalin arziki. Kataloniya yanki ne mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a Spain, na biyar mafi girma a Turai."
Karin Kwayoyin Cin Nama
A cikin Hauser, 'Bacteria-Cin Nama' Ya Yi Mutuwar 2nd a Texas Tun Guguwar Harvey, nytimes (10/26/2017) an lura cewa "Wani mutum mai shekaru 31 wanda ya taimaka wajen gyara gidaje a Galveston, Tex., Bayan Guguwar Guguwar. Harvey, ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cuta da ba kasafai ake samunsa ba sakamakon abin da aka fi sani da kwayoyin cutar nama…Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da aka bayar da rahoton mutuwar mutum daga kamuwa da cutar tun bayan guguwar Harvey da ta ratsa wasu sassan jihar Texas a watan Agusta.
Barka da zuwa Puppy Mills & Kitten Factories
A cikin Fortin, California ta gaya wa Dokin Dabbobin Dabbobin Dabbobin Dabbobin Dabbobin Su Dogs da Cat Dole ne Su Kasance Masu Ceto, nytimes (10/17/2017) an lura cewa “A cikin wani rauni ga masu kiwon dabbobi da dillalai, kantin sayar da dabbobi na California nan ba da jimawa ba za su sami ƴan ƴaƴansu, kittens. da zomaye daga matsuguni da cibiyoyin ceto kawai. Har yanzu daidaikun mutane na iya siya daga masu kiwo masu zaman kansu. Amma daga watan Janairun 2019, zai zama doka don shagunan yin hakan. Masu laifin za su fuskanci tarar dala 500. Kudirin… yana da goyon baya mai karfi daga kungiyoyin jindadin dabbobi da dama, wadanda suka yi ta murna da shi a matsayin wani abu ga ‘kayan karnuka’ da ‘kayan kyan gani’ wadanda ke samar da dabbobi da yawa don sayarwa, galibi a cikin yanayi na rashin mutuntaka.
Masu tsaunuka sun mutu a Mongoliya
Wasu masu tsaunuka 10 ne suka mutu, 7 sun bace a cikin kololuwar dusar ƙanƙara a Mongoliya, Travelwirenews (10/23/2017) an lura da cewa, "Masu ceto sun gano gawarwakin mutane 10 da aka kama a cikin wani bala'in dusar ƙanƙara a kan kololuwar Mongoliya, Otgontenger, ... daga cikin masu hawan dutsen sun bace. Wani gungun masu hawa 30, masu shekaru tsakanin 30 zuwa 50, sun fuskanci tsautsayi yayin da yake gangarowa daga kololuwar mita 4,021".
Masu Tafiya Suna Rungumar Mutuwa
An Gano Caron, Masu Tafiya Da Suka Bace Mutuwar Raunukan Bindigu, kuma An Kulle a Rungumarsu, nytimes (10/23/2017) an lura cewa “Masu tafiya biyu da aka gano gawarwakinsu a makon da ya gabata a wani tudu mai tsayi a wani wurin shakatawa na kasa a Kudancin California sun mutu sakamakon raunin harbin bindiga…a cikin abin da ya zama kamar kisan kai. Gawarwakin maharan…an samu sun rungume juna a karkashin wata bishiya a dajin Joshua Tree. Tufafin su na ƙasa ya rufe su. Ba su da ruwa kuma da alama sun yi rabon abincinsu”.
Kudin Jaka Yana Kashe Barazana Bam
A cikin Sabbin: Kama a filin jirgin saman LaGuardia ya kawo cikas ga tafiye-tafiye, Travelwirenews (10/15/2017) an lura cewa "Wani fasinja mai shekaru 70 da aka kama a filin jirgin saman LaGuardia na New York bayan da hukumomi suka ce ya yi barazanar cewa wani wakilin tikitin ya amsa laifinsa. Mahukunta sun ce (Mr. X) ya fusata ne lokacin da aka gaya masa cewa an biya dala 50 don duba jakarsa…Masu gabatar da kara sun ce (Mr. X) ya shaida wa wakilin tikitin jirgin sama na Spirit Airlines cewa akwai bam a cikin jakar. yayi kokarin fita”.
Ana Bukatar Macijin Macijiya
A Jami’ar ta dauki hayar barayin maciji bayan mutuwar dalibi, Travelwirenews (10/23/2017) an lura da cewa “Wata jami’ar Najeriya ta dauki tsattsauran ra’ayi na daukar macizai domin su taimaka wajen kawar da wata matsala mai rarrafe a harabarta biyo bayan mutuwar dalibin da ya rasu. maciji ya sare shi a farkon watan nan”.
Kuwait Ta Yi Tauri Akan Cin Hanci Da Rashawa
A Kuwait ta tsaurara hukunci kan keta haddi a kan ababen hawa, Travelwirenews (10/24/2017) an lura da cewa hukumomin Kuwaiti za su tsaurara hukunci kan keta haddi a kan tituna a yunkurin da suka yi na aiwatar da ingantaccen al'adar tuki a cikin kasar. Direbobin da aka kama suna amfani da wayar hannu ko kuma ba sa sanye da bel, za a daure motocinsu na tsawon wata biyu”.
Hawan Dunes
A Schwartz, Yi Dunes: Inda Zaku Iya Hawa Yashi, nytimes (10/25/2017) an lura cewa "Akwai sled yashi guda biyu ne kawai suka rage a cikin gidan haya lokacin da na isa wata Yuni da safe a kantin Oasis kusa da Great Sand dunes National Park da Tsare a kudancin Colorado. Kuma babu ko ɗaya… Babu tikitin ɗagawa, babu layi, babu hanyoyi da bishiyu da za a guje wa. Akwai yanayi mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗin mulkin akwatin yashi. Mujallar Sandboard ta lissafa wuraren da za a hau kan yashi a cikin kasashe 44 a gidan yanar gizon ta, gami da kusan wurare 90 a cikin jihohi 25”.
Doping Iditarod Dogs
A Branch, Iditarod Doping Mystery: Wanene Ya Zama Tramadol ga karnuka?, nytimes (10/24/2017) an lura da cewa "A daidai lokacin da duniyar wasanni ta yi tunanin ta ji duka a cikin doping-tare da Iditarod. Wata badakalar kara kuzari ta afkawa gasar tseren karen da ta fi shahara a duniya, tafiyar mil 1,000 ta Alaska da ke kare a Nome a kowane Maris. Karnuka huɗu a cikin ƙungiyar da Dallas Seavey, zakara na sau huɗu kuma mafi rinjaye a cikin wasanni, sun gwada inganci a bazarar da ta gabata don babban matakin Tramadol, maganin rage jin zafi na opioid… karnukansa suna shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma ya yi da'awar rashin laifi…
Inshorar ƙaura na iya dacewa da shi
A cikin faɗuwar mace ta kai ga kwana 8 a asibiti a Japan, 'darussan da aka koya' game da inshorar balaguro, Travelwirenews (10/14/2017) an lura cewa "Tafiya ce mai tsada ta hanyoyi fiye da ɗaya don (Mrs. X). ). Sauƙaƙa guda ɗaya kawai zuwa hagu-tafi daga kafet zuwa bene mai gogewa da aka yi yayin da ake ɗaukar hoto ga ma'aurata a cikin wani jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu mai shekaru 74… mace a wani asibitin Japan na kwanaki takwas da jirgin sama mai tsadar gaske. ....abin da ya kara dagula lamarin, in ji ta, shi ne kasancewar ta sayi ƙarin dala 99 na inshorar balaguro, da ita da mijinta ba za su biya ' hanci' ba don dawo da ita gida, inda An yi mata tiyata don gyara kafarta da ta lalace”.
Matsar Ƙasa, Don Allah
A cikin Patel, A Antarctica, Glaciers guda biyu masu mahimmanci suna hanzarta zuwa Tekun, nytimes (10/26/2017) an lura da shi "Biyu daga cikin glaciers mafi saurin motsi a cikin daskarewa suna zubar da adadin ƙanƙara a cikin Tekun Amundsen kowace shekara. Tsibirin Pine da glaciers na Thwaites suna cikin mafi mahimmanci a duniya. A halin yanzu suna hana kankara, wanda idan ya narke, zai tayar da tekunan duniya da kusan taku hudu a tsawon shekaru aru-aru, adadin da zai sanya garuruwan gabar teku da dama a karkashin ruwa”.
Uber Appeals a London
A Uber roko na asarar lasisi a London, Travelwirenews (10/13/2017) an lura cewa "Kamfanin Ride-hailing Uber ya shigar da kara a kan hukumar kula da sufurin London bayan ya rasa lasisin yin aiki a cikin birni. An gabatar da takaddun zuwa Kotun Majistare ta Westminster kuma ya kamata a yi ƙara a watan Disamba…'Yayin da muka shigar da ƙararmu a yau don mutanen London su ci gaba da amfani da app ɗin mu, muna fatan ci gaba da tattaunawa mai ma'ana tare da Transport For London (TFL). Kamar yadda sabon shugabanmu ya ce, mun kuduri aniyar daidaita al’amura,” in ji kakakin kamfanin.
Bayanan Balaguro na Uber na Paris
A cikin Uber yana buɗe bayanan balaguron balaguro na Paris ga jama'a, Travelwirenews (10/20/2017) an lura cewa "Uber ta ce a ranar Juma'a za ta buɗe tarin bayanan balaguron balaguro a cikin Paris ga jama'a don taimakawa jami'an birni da masu tsara birane mafi kyau. fahimtar bukatun sufuri, kamar yadda kamfanin ke neman ganin hukumomin ƙasa. Wannan manhaja ta tafiye-tafiye ta Amurka tana tattara bayanai masu tarin yawa daga biliyoyin tafiye-tafiyen da abokan ciniki ke yi wanda take amfani da su don inganta ayyukanta kuma kwanan nan ta fara samar da shi ga birane da dama da suka hada da Washington DC, Sydney da Boston”.
Katin MetroCard na Birnin New York ya fara
A Barron, New York don Sauya MetroCard Tare da Hanyar Zamani don Biyan Kudin Wuta, nytimes (10/24/2017) an lura cewa "Da farko akwai ƙananan tikitin takarda da farashin nickel. Sai kuma ita kanta sinadarin nickel, domin har zuwa bayan yakin duniya na biyu, nickel ne kawai abin da ya sa jiragen karkashin kasa ke kewayawa. Sa'an nan kuma dime ya zo, sannan alamar-kuɗin birnin New York ya biyo baya. Kuma tun daga 1990s an sami Metrocard, wanda ake iya ganewa, mai lanƙwasa, mai lalacewa kuma ba koyaushe abin dogaro bane. Yanzu (Katin Metro) yana kan hanyar fita… Daga ƙarshen shekara mai zuwa, za su iya yin hakan kamar yadda mutanen Landan suke yi, ta hanyar ɗaga wayar hannu ko wasu nau'ikan katunan bashi ko zare kudi a mashinan titin jirgin ƙasa ko akwatunan fare na bas”.
Hukuncin Dokar Balaguro Na Mako
A cikin shari'ar Sobel Kotun ta lura cewa "ISE kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Delaware, wacce ke da babban wurin kasuwanci a Charlottesville, Virginia. ISE tana gudanar da shirin karatun semester a teku a ƙasashen waje, wanda ke ba wa ɗalibai damar ɗaukar kwasa-kwasan koleji a cikin jirgin ruwa na fasinja da ke balaguro zuwa ƙasashen duniya”.
Neman Shiga
"Sobel, mazaunin California, ya shiga cikin Semester a Sea Spring 2013 Voyage. Domin samun shiga shirin, Sobel ta kammala aikace-aikacen kan layi inda ta amince da 'karɓar duk wani sharuɗɗan da aka saba amfani da su don shigar da karatun digiri na biyu zuwa Semester a Teku, gami da waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin littafin Voyager's Handbook da kwangilar tikitin. ".
Sanarwa Da Samun Sharuɗɗan
"Kwangilar tikitin da aka ambata… da littafin Jagorar Voyager suna samuwa don dubawa akan gidan yanar gizon ISE ta shafin MyVoyage na Sobel. Da ta nemi halartar shirin, an ba Sobel kalmar sirri da ta ba ta damar shiga waɗannan takardu da sauran kayan shirin. A duk lokacin da ta shiga shafinta na MyVoyage, Sobel ta duba wani akwati da ke bayyana cewa ta amince ta kai ta hanyar lantarki ta littafin Voyager’s Handbook, Kwangilar Tikiti da sauran takardun da ke cikinsa. Sobel ya shiga gidan yanar gizon fiye da sau 100 kuma ya sami damar shiga kwangilar tikiti ta gidan yanar gizon sama da shekara guda. Kafin a fara shirin Sobel's Semester a Teku, an ba ta kunshin 'Shirye-shiryen Tafiya' da 'Bayanin Shiga'. Shafi na farko na takardun biyu sun nuna cewa ‘mafi mahimmanci’ da ɗalibi za ta iya yi don shirya balaguron balaguron nata shi ne karanta littafin Jagoran Voyager da Kwangilar Tikitin, wanda ‘ya ƙunshi bayanai masu matuƙar mahimmanci’”.
Lafiya Da Tsaron Dalibai
Littafin Jagoran Voyager ya jaddada cewa ISE ta himmatu ga 'lafiya da aminci' na ɗalibanta… A cikin wani sashe da ya shafi 'tafiye-tafiyen fili', Littafin Jagoran Voyager ya bayyana cewa' tafiye-tafiyen filin da ISE ke bayarwa ta amintattun ma'aikata ne. Wanene ya sadu da Shallafai na Zakar wasa, shiga cikin kimantarwa na aiki kuma suna da dadewa mai sana'a kwararru zuwa Cibiyar Sadarwa …' Littafin Jagoran Voyager yana ƙarfafa ɗalibai ƙaƙƙarfar ƙwaƙƙwaran tafiye-tafiyen fage waɗanda ISA ba ta ɗaukar nauyinsu, tunda ƙila ba za su bi ƙa'idodin aminci na ISE ba”.
Iyakance Lokaci Don Kara
“Kungiyar tikitin ta ƙunshi tanadi da yawa waɗanda suka shafi haƙƙin shari’a na mai ƙara, gami da tanadin iyakancewa wanda ya shafi shari’ar rauni ko mutuwa. Layin farko na Yarjejeniyar Tikitin ya jaddada (inter alia cewa akwai) 'iyakancewar lokaci don ba da sanarwar da'awar, fayil da kuma gabatar da kara (Sashe na 15) (wanda) ya ƙunshi tanadin iyakance guda biyu, wanda ya dace da da'awar 'rauni ko mutuwa' ' da kuma wani wanda ya dace da 'wasu iƙirari'… Sashe na 15 (a) ya ba da cewa dole ne a gabatar da ayyukan da ke haifar da rauni ko mutuwa 'a cikin shekara 1 daga ranar rauni ko mutuwa'. Sashe na 15 (b) ya bayyana cewa, dole ne a gabatar da kararrakin da ke fitowa daga ‘kowace lalacewa, jinkiri ko hasarar kowane yanayi ko haifar da duk wani abu da ba na mutuwa ko rauni ba’ a cikin watanni 6 daga ranar da tafiyar ta ƙare.
Cin Zarafin Jima'i
"Sobel da sauran daliban da ke shiga cikin 2013 Spring Voyage sun tashi a kan jirgin ruwa daga San Diego, California a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2013. A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2013, jirgin ya tsaya a Cochin, Indiya. Kafin shiga jirgin ruwa, Sobel ya sayi tikiti don balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron ISE zuwa Agra da Varanasi, wanda Abercrombie & Kent India ya shirya kuma ya bayar. Shailesh Tripathi, ma'aikacin Abercrombie & Kent, ya yi aiki a matsayin jagoran yawon shakatawa na ƙungiyar Sobel. A daren 9 ga Maris, 2013, Sobel ya tafi dakin otal na Tripathi don karatun dabino. Daga baya Tripathi ya kama al'aurar Sobel kuma ya tilasta mata ta yi lalata da shi. A karshe ya saki Sobel daga dakin otal dinsa da misalin karfe 1:00 na safe ranar 10 ga Maris, 2013”.
Shari'ar
"Kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga Maris, 2015, Sobel ya shigar da karar nan take a kan ISE, Abercrombie & Kent LLC, Abercrombie & Kent Destination Management da Tripathi a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Arewacin gundumar California (wanda aka canza shi ba tare da adawa ba. zuwa kotun gundumomi ta tarayya a Virginia) ta dogara da batun zaɓin taron tattaunawa a cikin Kwangilar Tikitin. ISE ta koma don yanke hukunci a taƙaice a kan cewa an hana iƙirarin mai ƙara ta hanyar iyakancewar shekara guda a cikin Kwangilar Tikitin”.
Da'awar a kan Tripathi
"Rubutun ya nuna cewa Sobel ya kasa yin aiki yadda ya kamata a kan wannan wanda ake tuhuma ... A nan, kusan shekaru biyu sun wuce tun lokacin da Sobel ta shigar da karar ta kuma babu wata alama da ta nuna cewa ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi wa Tripathi hidima kamar yadda doka ta 4 (f) ta buƙata. Duk wani abin da ake ganin ‘wahala wajen kammala hidima akan wanda ake tuhuma na waje ba uzuri ba ne ga gazawar mai ƙara na yin ƙoƙarin da ya dace na yin hakan’”. An kori da'awar da ake yi wa Tripathi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba.
ISE's Tsawon Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa Shekara ɗaya
"Kwangilar tikitin balaguron teku ita ce kwantiragin teku da ke ƙarƙashin dokar ruwa ta tarayya… Bisa ka'ida, kwangilolin tikitin (fasinja na teku) na iya ƙunsar kwaikwayi lokaci don shigar da ƙara don rauni ko mutuwa, muddin iyakance bai 'kasa ba shekara guda bayan ranar rauni ko mutuwa'. A karkashin dokar teku ta tarayya, tanadin iyakance yana da inganci kuma ana iya aiwatar da shi muddin (1) an sanar da tanadin ga mai ƙara da hankali kuma (2) yana da gaskiya”.
Gwajin Sadarwa Mai Ma'ana
"Bayan nazarin kwangilar tikitin da aka gabatar, kotu ta yanke shawarar cewa ya isa ya faɗakar da fasinjoji game da wanzuwar muhimman sharuɗɗan da suka shafi haƙƙinsu na shari'a ... Game da 'sayan da Sobel's' siyan da kuma riƙe tikitin / kwangilar' bayanan ya nuna cewa Sobel ... da aka ba ta kalmar sirri da ta ba ta damar shiga da samun damar shiga kayan shirye-shirye a gidan yanar gizon ISE, gami da Kwangilar Ticket (wanda ta shiga fiye da sau 100 (da) [e] duk lokacin da ta shiga Sobel ana buƙatar ta duba akwatin da ke nuna cewa ta An amince da karɓar isar da kayan lantarki na wasu takardu ciki har da Kwangilar Tikitin…kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa an sanar da Sobel lokacin iyakancewa a cikin kwangilar tikitin.
Asalin Adalci
"A cikin ƙayyade ko tanadin iyakancewar shekara guda yana da gaskiya, dole ne kotu kuma ta yi la'akari da ko ISE ta sami damar samun damar Sobel ta hanyar zamba ko wuce gona da iri'… Kwangilar tikitin ya samo asali ne na zamba da wuce gona da iri, kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa tanadin yana da gaskiya kuma ana aiwatar da shi”.
Kammalawa
"Bayan kammala cewa tanadin iyakancewar shekara guda yana da inganci kuma ana aiwatar da shi, dole ne kotu a yanzu ta tantance ko tanadin ya shafi iƙirarin da aka tabbatar…. tanadin iyakancewar shekara guda ya shafi duk da'awar Sobel akan ISE".
Marubucin, Thomas A. Dickerson, mai ritaya ne na Mataimakin Shari'a na Sashin daukaka kara, Sashe na biyu na Kotun Koli ta Jihar New York kuma ya yi rubutu game da Dokar Balaguro na tsawon shekaru 41 gami da littattafan shari'ar da yake sabuntawa duk shekara, Dokar Tafiya, Law Journal Press (2016), Litigating Torts International a Kotunan Amurka, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2016), Ayyuka na Aji: Dokar 50 ta Amurka, Law Journal Press (2016) da sama da labaran doka 400 da yawa daga cikinsu ana samunsu a nycourts.gov/courts/ 9jd / mai karɓar haraji.shtml. Don ƙarin labarai na dokar tafiye-tafiye da ci gaba, musamman, a cikin membobin EU na EU duba IFTTA.org
Ba za a sake buga wannan labarin ba tare da izinin Thomas A. Dickerson ba.
Karanta da yawa daga Labarin Justice Dickerson anan.
