Kamfanonin haya na haya da dabaru na yaudara

A cikin labarin dokar tafiye-tafiye na wannan makon, mun yi nazari kan shari'o'in motocin haya da yawa da suka shafi ayyukan yaudara da rashin adalcin tallace-tallace waɗanda ya kamata masu amfani su sani. Hukuncin kwanan nan na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta 11 a Venerus v. Avis Budget Car Rental, LLC, No. 16-16993 (Janairu 25, 2018) ya sake tunatar da ni, bayan shekaru 40 na rubuce-rubuce game da dokar tafiya cewa mafi muni, ta Ya zuwa yanzu, masu keta haƙƙin mabukaci a cikin masana'antar balaguro wasu kamfanonin motocin haya ne na Amurka.

A cikin shari'ar Venerus, wanda ya shafi nau'in masu siyan inshorar motar haya na waje suna zargin, inter alia, keta kwangila da keta dokar Ayyukan Ciniki na yaudara da rashin Adalci na Florida, da'irar 11th ta sake soke hukuncin kotun gunduma na ba da takardar shaida na aji kuma ta bayyana cewa "Al'amarin ya taso daga… Avis/Budget('s) kasuwanci na siyar da Inshorar Ƙarin Lamuni ko Inshorar Lamuni (SLI/ALI) ga abokan cinikin hayar daga ƙasashen waje da Amurka. Heather Venerus ta yi zargin… cewa Avis/Budget ya yi alƙawarin ɗaukar hoto na SLI/ALI azaman manufar da aka bayar ta Kamfanin Ace American Insurance Company (ACE) mai inshorar da aka ba da izini don samar da irin wannan ɗaukar hoto a Florida. Venerus ya yi zargin cewa duk da wajibcin kwangilar Avis/Budget don yin hakan, ba a taɓa siyan manufar ACE ko wata manufar inshorar SLI/ALI ba, ko ba da, ga masu haya na ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka sayi zaɓi na zaɓi. Madadin haka, Avis/Budget, wanda ba kamfanin inshora bane, an yi niyyar tabbatar da masu haya na waje da kanta tare da ɗaukar alhakin kwangila wanda ba shi da wata manufa ko rubuce-rubuce. Rashin ikon yin mu'amala da irin wannan inshora a Florida, Avis/Budget da ake zargin ya bar masu haya ba tare da ingantacciyar inshorar inshorar da aka yi musu alkawari kuma sun saya. Bugu da ƙari, Kotun ta lura cewa "Avis / Budget ba ya jayayya cewa bai sami manufofin inshora na SLA / ALI daga ACE ba".

Ba a bayyana E-Tolls: Shari'ar Mendez

A cikin Mendez v. Avis Budget Group, Inc., Civil Action No. 11-6537 (JLL) (DNJ Nuwamba 17, 2017), aikin aji a madadin masu amfani da sabis na motocin haya waɗanda motocin haya "an sanye da su kuma an caje su don Yin amfani da, tsarin lantarki don biyan kuɗin da aka fi sani da 'e-Toll', Kotun ta ba da takardar shaida a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ta lura cewa "Mai shigar da kara ya yi zargin cewa kafin, lokacin da kuma bayan hayarsa… ba a ba shi shawarar cewa motar: 1) zai iya ba. a sanye da na'urar e-Toll; da 2) hakika an riga an yi rajista kuma an kunna shi don e-Toll (da ƙari) cewa ba a sanar da shi cewa (abin hawa na haya) yana da na'urar e-Toll ba, cewa za a wajabta masa biya fiye da ainihin kuɗin da aka biya. cajin da aka yi". A lokacin tafiyar mai gabatar da kara a Florida ya kasance, bai sani ba, na'urar e-Toll din motarsa ​​ta hayar dala $15.75 wanda ya hada da $.75 da kuma "kudin saukakawa" $15.00 "ko da yake an gaya masa… lokacin da ya dawo da motar cewa bai ci wani ƙarin caji ba”. Dubi kuma: Olivas v. The Hertz Corporation, Case No. 17-cv-01083-BAS-NLS (SD Cal. Maris 18, 2018)(abokan ciniki suna ƙalubalantar kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da ake tuhuma dangane da amfani da titunan kuɗi; dole ne a aiwatar da maganar sasantawa) .

Canjin Kuɗi mara Adalci: Shari'ar Margulis

A cikin Margulis v. The Hertz Corporation, Civil Action No. 14-1209 (JMV) (DNJ Fabrairu 28, 2017), wani aji mataki a madadin abokan ciniki da suka yi hayan motoci a kasashen waje, da kotu a warware wani binciken rigima lura cewa "Mai shigar da kara ... ya fara wannan mataki na saka hannun jari… yana zargin cewa Hertz na gudanar da wani tsari mai fa'ida na musayar kudin waje, mai lakabin 'dynamic currencychange' (DCC) don zaluntar abokan cinikinta da ke hayan motoci a kasashen waje. Mai shigar da kara ya yi zargin cewa Hertz ya fadi farashin abokin ciniki na hayar abin hawa ba tare da hada da kowane kudin canza kudin ba, yana cajin kudin kai tsaye zuwa katin kiredit na abokin ciniki sannan kuma ya yi da'awar ƙarya abokin ciniki musamman ya zaɓi canjin kuɗi da ƙarin cajin da ya biyo baya. Mai shigar da kara ya yi ikirarin cewa shi ne wanda aka azabtar da shi na ayyukan Hertz na DCC dangane da hayar mota (a Burtaniya da Italiya) kuma ya yi zargin keta kwangila, wadatar da rashin adalci, zamba da keta dokar zamba ta New Jersey.

Kudaden Taswirar Taswirar da Ba a Bayyana ba: Case na Schwartz

A cikin Schwartz v. Avis Rent A Car System, LLC, Civil Action Nos. 11-4052 (JLL), 12-7300 (JLL) (DNJ Yuni 21, 2016) ya ba da izinin ƙarshe na sasantawa da aka gabatar [zabi na kuɗi ko 10 rangwamen kashi dari akan hayar abin hawa na gaba] na aikin aji da aka tabbatar a baya [Schwartz v. Avis Rent A Car System, LLC, Civil Action No. 11-4052 (JLL)(DNJ Agusta 28, 2014)] a madadin wani aji na Avis abokan ciniki [zarge-zargen karya kwangila, karya alkawari na gaskiya da ma'amala na gaskiya da keta dokar zamba ta New Jersey] waɗanda aka caje su dalar Amurka $0.75 don samun yawan mil-flyer da sauran lada ta hanyar shiga cikin Shirin Abokan Balaguro na Avis. A cikin bayar da takaddun shaida, Kotun ta lura cewa "Mai shigar da kara ya yi jayayya cewa wadanda ake tuhuma sun aikata nau'i biyu na haramtacciyar hanya: watsi da gangan da kuma ayyukan kasuwancin da ba a sani ba… 'ta hanyar duka sun kasa haɗa da [wannan gaskiyar] a wurin da Mai gabatar da kara da sauran masu haya masu hankali za su yi tsammanin ganin su kuma a maimakon haka (har an yi bayanin komai kwata-kwata) suna ɓoye waɗannan abubuwan a wuraren da ba a sani ba da nufin cewa babu Mai gabatar da kara ko wasu masu haya masu ma'ana sun taba ganin,' Ayyukan kasuwancin da ake zargin… an tsara su ne a kan wannan tsallake".

Kudade da Caji: Arizona AG

A Jihar Arizona da Dennis N. Saban, Case No: CV2014-005556 (Arizona Super. Fabrairu 14, 2018) J. Contes ya yanke hukuncin dala miliyan 1.85 bayan gwaji na mako biyar da gano cewa Hayar Mota ta Phoenix da Hayar Saban-A- Mota ta keta dokar zamba ta Arizona's Consumer Fraud Act (ARS 44-1522 et seq) ta hanyar sanya caji da kudade na haram akan aƙalla masu amfani da 48,000 don haɗawa da "$ 3.00 don PKG, $11.99 don sabis da tsaftacewa, $2.50 don s/c", haraji na wajibi, caji don direbobin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun shekaru, cajin biyan kuɗi da tsabar kuɗi ko katunan zare kudi, cajin rashin tabbacin inshora mai inganci, cajin ƙarin direbobi, cajin tafiye-tafiye zuwa waje, cajin lasisin tuƙin ƙasa, cajin cajin bayan sa'o'i kashewa da caji don jigilar kaya, taksi da sauran kuɗin sufuri.

Amma Wannan Ba ​​Gaske ba ne

A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata ko fiye da haka abokan cinikin motar haya sun yi zargin wasu ayyukan kasuwanci na yaudara da rashin adalci da wasu kamfanonin haya suka haɗa da:

(1) cajin da ya wuce kima don ɓarna ɓarna (CDW) [Weinberg v. The Hertz Corp., supra ($ 1,000 deductible akan inshora wanda mabukaci zai iya ƙetare ta hanyar biyan $6.00 kowace rana don CDW wanda aka fitar sama da shekara ya kai $2,190 akan darajar $1,000 na karo). lalacewar inshora da ake zargi da rashin hankali; Truta v. Avis Hayar Tsarin Mota, Inc., 193 Cal. App. 3d 802 (Cal. App. 1989) ($ 6.00 a kowace rana CDW cajin cewa a kan wani shekara-shekara-akai, da rates da aka caje sun kasance fiye da ninki adadin "inshorar" bayar da kuma zargin sun kasance marasa ma'ana high)] da kasa bayyana cewa CDW na iya kwafi da inshora na mai haya [Super Glue Corp. v. Avis Rent A Car System, Inc., 132 AD 2d 604 (2d Dept. 1987)].

(2) wuce gona da iri wajen samar da man fetur mai maye bayan an dawo da motar haya [Roman v. Budget Rent-A-Car System, Inc., 2007 WL 604795 (DNJ 2007)($5.99 kowace galan); Oden v. Vanguard Car Rental USA, Inc., 2008 WL 901325 (ED Tex. 2008) ($ 4.95 kowace galan)].

(3) cajin da ya wuce kima don inshorar haɗari na sirri (PAI) [Weinberg v. The Hertz Corp., supra (zargin cewa cajin yau da kullun na $ 2.25 na PAI ya wuce kima kuma ba a sani ba tun lokacin da adadin yau da kullun yayi daidai da adadin shekara-shekara na $ 821.24)].

(4) cajin da ya wuce kima don ƙarshen dawowar abin hawa [Boyle v. U-Haul International, Inc., 2004 WL 2979755 (Pa. Com. Pl 2004)("Akwai tsarin gama gari da al'adar caji don ƙarin ' lokacin haya' duk da cikakkar gazawar sharuɗɗan kwangila don ayyana lokacin haya, bayyanannen abin da ke cikin tallace-tallace mai yawa cewa ana iya hayar motar don ƙayyadaddun adadin yini gaba ɗaya da gazawar daftarin kwangila don kafa kowane ƙimar' ɗaukar hoto. ' saboda gazawar dawo da kayan aiki a lokacin da aka keɓe")].

(5) kwangilar adhesion [Votto v. American Car Rentals, Inc., 2003 WL 1477029 (Conn. Super. 2003) (kamfanin hayar mota ba zai iya iyakance lalacewar abin hawa ba tare da magana a gefen kwangilar baya; 'Yarjejeniyar a wannan yanayin shine misali na al'ada na kwangilar mannewa (wanda 'ya ƙunshi [s] tanadin kwangilar da aka tsara da kuma sanya shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar da ke jin daɗin ƙarfin ciniki mai ƙarfi- tanade-tanade waɗanda ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da la'akari ba suna iyakance wajibai da alhakin ƙungiyar da ke tsara kwangilar'”)].

(6) ƙaddamar da ƙarin cajin da ba daidai ba [Cotchett v. Avis-A-Car System, 56 FRD 549 (SDNY 1972) (masu amfani da kayayyaki suna ƙalubalantar halaccin ƙarin cajin dala ɗaya da aka sanya wa duk motocin haya don rufe cin zarafi na filin ajiye motoci wanda kamfanonin haya suka kasance. ana ɗaukar alhakin a ƙarƙashin dokar birni kwanan nan)].

(7) wuce gona da iri na kudin gyara motocin da suka lalace a zahiri [Mutane v. Dollar Rent-A-Car Systems, Inc. 211 Cal. App. 3d 119 (Cal. App. 1989)(mai haya yana cajin farashin dillali don farashin jumloli na yin gyare-gyare ga motocin da suka lalace ta hanyar amfani da daftarin karya)].

(8) sayar da inshora ba bisa ka'ida ba [Mutane v. Dollar, supra (kamfanin hayar mota da ke da alhakin aikin kasuwanci na karya da yaudara; an kiyasta hukuncin kisa na $100,000); Truta, supra (CDW ba inshora ba ne)].

(9) hukuncin da ba a sani ba da tanadin haya [Hertz Corp. v. Dynatron, 427 A. 2d 872 (Conn. 1980).

(10) Rashin yarda da garantin abin alhaki [Hertz v. Transportation Corp., 59 Misc. 2d 226 (NY Civ. 1969)].

(11) da ba a bayyana tuhumar da ake tuhumar sa ba [Garcia v. L&R Realty, Inc., 347 NJ Super. 481 (2002) (abokin ciniki ba a buƙatar biyan kuɗin dalar Amurka 600 da aka sanya bayan motar haya ta dawo daga wurin jihar; kuɗin lauyoyi da farashin da aka bayar)).

(12) sanya harajin banza [Commercial Union Ins. Co. v. Auto Europe, 2002 US Dist LEXIS 3319 (ND Ill. 2002)(abokan ciniki sun yi zargin cewa an tilasta musu biyan 'harajin tallace-tallace' na waje' ko 'haraji mai daraja'… lokacin da babu irin wannan harajin da ya dace kuma ( Kamfanin hayar mota) ya riƙe 'haraji')].

13 Ct. 78 (1123) (ba a tilastawa ba)).

(14) rashin bayyana tuhume-tuhumen da za a iya gujewa [Schnall v. Hertz Corp., 78 Cal. App. 4th 114 (Cal. App. 2000) ("Izinin cajin da za'a iya kaucewa don sabis na zaɓi da wuya ya kai izni don yaudarar abokan ciniki game da irin wannan cajin")).

(15) gazawar bayyana lasisi da kuɗin kayan aiki [Rosenberg v. Avis Rent A Car Systems, Inc., 2007 WL 2213642 (ED Pa. 2007) (abokan ciniki sun yi zargin cewa Avis ya tsunduma cikin tsari da kuma al'adar yaudarar abokan ciniki ta hanyar cajin kuɗi. $.54 kowace rana kudin lasisin abin hawa da kuma $3.95 a kowace rana cajin kuɗin kayan aikin abokin ciniki' ba tare da bayyana cajin ba”)].

(16) Hanyoyin da'awar rashin adalci [Ressler v. Enterprise Rent-A-Car Company. 2007 WL 2071655 WD Pa. 2007)(ana zargin rashin kula da da'awa a ƙarƙashin tsarin PAI)].

Hotwire Ba Ya Zafi

Fita cikin da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan kasuwanci na yaudara suna da'awar ɓarna gaskiyar abin duniya. Misali, a cikin shari’ar 2013, Shabar v. Hotwire, Inc. da Expedia, Inc., 2013 WL 3877785 (ND Cal. 2013), wani abokin cinikin motar haya ya yi zargin cewa “ya yi amfani da gidan yanar gizon Hotwire don hayan mota daga gidan haya mota. a filin jirgin sama na Ben Gurion a Tel Aviv, Isra'ila. Shabar ya yi zargin cewa kwantiraginsa da Hotwire ya hada da wasu sharudda, farashin hayar yau da kullun ($ 14), lokacin haya (kwanaki 5), jerin lissafin haraji da kudaden da aka kiyasta ($ 0) da kiyasin adadin balaguron tafiya ($ 70). Shabar ya yi zargin cewa a lokacin da ya dauko motar, hukumar haya ta bukaci ya biya kudin da Hotwire ta kiyasta dala $70.00, da karin dala 60.00 na inshorar biyan bukata na tilas da dala 20.82 na haraji. A cikin duka Shabar ya yi zargin "ya biya $150.91, maimakon $70.00 da Hotwire ta kiyasta". A cikin ƙin yin watsi da ƙarar Shabar, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa 'Shabar ya isa ya yi zargin cewa ƙwaƙƙwaran da Hotwire ya yi dangane da jimillar farashin da aka ƙiyasta karya ne ko kuma yaudarar mai hankali ne. Na farko, kiyasin karya ne saboda da gangan Hotwire ya tsallake wasu ƙarin cajin da ake buƙata kuma wanda ya san Shabar zai biya don hayar motar. Na biyu, farashin da aka nakalto don kimanta haraji da kudade karya ne saboda Hotwire ya san cewa waɗannan farashin ba zai zama $0.00″ ba.

Dangantaka Mai Kyau

Wani misali mai ban sha'awa na zargin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin wasu gwamnatocin jihohi da masana'antar haya motoci don lalata abokan cinikin motocin haya an bayyana shi a cikin shari'ar California na Shames v. Hertz Corporation, 2012 WL 5392159 (SD Cal. 2012) da analogues na Nevada. Sobel v. Kamfanin Hertz, 291 FRD 525 (D. Nev. 2013) da Lee v. Enterprise Leasing Company, 2012 WL 3996848 (D. Nev. 2012).

Case California

Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Shames, supra “A cikin 2006, masana'antar hayar fasinja (RCD) ta ba da shawarar sauye-sauye ga dokar California waɗanda aka aiwatar da su daga baya… an ba da izinin 'ɓance' kuɗin da aka caje wa abokan ciniki talla suna ƙididdige irin waɗannan kudade daban da ƙimar hayar tushe. Mahimmanci, sauye-sauyen da aka karɓa sun ba wa kamfanoni damar 'fitar da wasu ko duk kimantawa ga abokan ciniki'. Masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa hakan ya sa aka sanya wasu kudade guda biyu na musamman ga abokan cinikin motocin haya na hutu… an kara kudin tantance yawon bude ido da kashi 2.5 cikin 2.5 na kudin hayar mota, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen samar da kudaden Hukumar. Masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa Hukumar ta hada baki da RCDs wajen kayyade farashin hayar mota ta hanyar bayar da kashi 9% na kudin tantance yawon bude ido ga kwastomomi. Na biyu, RCDs 'sun warware' kuɗin yarjejeniyar filin jirgin sama da aka yi wa abokan ciniki don biyan haƙƙin gudanar da kasuwanci a harabar filin jirgin… hayar mota a filayen jirgin sama na California fiye da yadda za su samu.”

Nevada Cases

Yayin da California Shames aji mataki aka zaunar da Nevada aji mataki [Sobel v. Hertz Corporation, supra] shafe pass tare da "a filin jirgin sama rangwamen dawo da kudade" aka je gwaji a kan, inter alia, ko wannan wucewa tare da yi ya keta Nev. Rev. Matsayi. (NRS) Sashe na 482.31575 da Nevada Deceptive Trade Practices Act (NDTPA) tare da "Sama da dala miliyan 42 a kan gungumen azaba". A cikin tabbatar da ajin da kuma gano cin zarafi na doka Kotun ta lura da cewa "Kamfanonin hayar mota na ƙarshen shekaru tamanin sun tsunduma cikin yaƙin farashi mai tsanani, yaƙin da" kamfanoni [hayan mota] suka kasance suna haifar da tarko na ƙarin caji akan. masu haya da ba su ji ba kuma sun yi amfani da kafofin talla daban-daban don yin hakan'”. Kotun ta ba da kyautar ramawa da ribar yanke hukunci a kan adadin da aka kayyade.

Kammalawa  

Masana'antar motar haya ta Amurka tana da ra'ayi mara kyau game da alhakinta ga masu amfani. Idan ana iya kaucewa ko maye gurbin ayyukan sa, ana ba masu amfani da shawarar yin hakan. Gwada Uber ko Lyft lokaci na gaba.

Marubucin, Thomas A. Dickerson, ya mutu ne a ranar 26 ga Yulin, 2018 yana da shekara 74. Ta hanyar alherin dangin sa, eTurboNews ana ba shi damar raba abubuwan da muke da su a kan fayil wanda ya aiko mana don bugawa a mako-mako.

Hon. Dickerson ya yi ritaya a matsayin Mataimakin Alkalin Kotun daukaka kara, Sashe na Biyu na Kotun Koli ta Jihar New York kuma ya yi rubutu game da Dokar Balaguro na tsawon shekaru 42 gami da litattafan da yake sabuntawa na shekara-shekara, Dokar Tafiya, Lauyan Jarida Lauya (2018), Litigating International Torts in Kotunan Amurka, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Ayyuka na Aji: Dokar 50 ta Amurka, Law Journal Press (2018), da sama da labaran doka 500 wadanda yawancinsu sune samuwa a nan. Don ƙarin labaran dokar balaguro da ci gaba, musamman a cikin ƙasashe membobin EU, danna nan.

Karanta da yawa daga Labarin Justice Dickerson anan.

Ba za a sake buga wannan labarin ba tare da izini ba.