Sabbin Hanyoyi na Silk: Rage ainihin hanyar siliki?

ISLAMABAD, Pakistan (eTN) - Hanyar siliki mai ban sha'awa wacce a zahiri ta fara masana'antar tafiye-tafiye da yawon shakatawa a duniya tana fuskantar rikice-rikice na ainihi.

Siyar da suna yana da sauƙi a cikin tattalin arzikin kamfanoni na yau. Don haka, Amurka da Sin dukkansu suna amfani da tsohuwar hanyar siliki don sayar da ra'ayoyinsu na siyasa. Ana amfani da alamar "Sabuwar Hanyar Siliki" kwanakin nan a cikin tsarin tsara manufofi kuma. Amurka ta bullo da sabuwar hanyar siliki - hade da manyan tituna na zamani, hanyoyin layin dogo, da bututun makamashi da ke gudana a tsakiyar Asiya, a matsayin hanyar shirya tattalin arzikin Afghanistan.

Sabuwar hanyar siliki ta kasar Sin ta dogara ne akan wasu manyan hanyoyi guda uku a fadin nahiyar Eurasian, da ake kira gadar Eurasian Land Bridge, wadda ke zaman babbar hanyar jijiya wadda za a gina titin dogo, manyan tituna, da bututun mai. Na farko shi ne layin dogo na Trans-Siberian da ke gudana daga Vladivostok a Gabashin Rasha zuwa Moscow da haɗa zuwa Yammacin Turai da Rotterdam; na biyu ya tashi daga tashar ruwa ta Lianyungang dake gabashin kasar Sin ta hanyar kasar Kazakhstan dake tsakiyar Asiya da kuma zuwa Rotterdam; na uku kuma ya taso ne daga kogin Pearl Delta dake kudu maso gabashin kasar Sin ya ratsa kudancin Asiya zuwa Rotterdam. Wannan bangare daya zai iya kiran ra'ayi na Arewa-Kudu mai tasowa na Indiya, Iran, da Rasha, idan ya tabbata. Kasar Sin ta kusan shiga manyan jijiyarta ta biyu ta hanyar hada ta da Kazakhstan ta hanyar babbar hanyarta da kasar Sin ke kiranta da sabuwar hanyar siliki.

Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin sabuwar hanyar siliki da Amurka ta dauki nauyi da kuma aikin kasar Sin. Kasar Sin ta fice daga kasar Afganistan kwata-kwata, tana tunanin cewa, wannan kasa ba za ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali ba, yayin da aikin Amurka ya tsaya kan ginshikin raya kasar Afghanistan, da hada ci gaba a kudancin Asiya da tsakiyar Asiya, ta hanyar kasar Afganistan har ma da kudin kasashen Tajikistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan. , Indiya, da Turkmenistan. Amurka na dagewa Pakistan da Indiya samun iskar gas daga Turkmenistan ta hanyar Afghanistan maimakon iskar gas daga Iran ta hanyar Pakistan zuwa Indiya. Har ila yau, ta nace Pakistan tana samun wutar lantarki daga Tajikistan ta hanyar kasar Afghanistan. Ga Amurka, dukkan hanyoyin da za su bi zuwa Kabul, amma kasar Sin ta tsara dukkan hanyoyin da za su bi kai tsaye zuwa tsakiyar Asiya, tare da barin Afghanistan a gefe. Sabuwar hanyar siliki ta Amurka ta bar Iran saboda dalilai masu ma'ana, yayin da hanyar siliki ta asali ta kasance Iran a matsayin mafi girman bangarenta, tare da Afganistan a kan hanyar siliki ta asali.

Majalisar dokokin Amurka ta fitar da sabunta dokar dabarun hanyar siliki domin kiyaye tasirin Amurka a yankin Eurasia, yayin da jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin (CCP) ta fitar da manufarta ta hanyar siliki a matsayin gadar kasa ta Eurasian mai hade da Sin da Turai a duk fadin nahiyar Eurasia.

A baya dai, wakilai daga kasashe 40 sun halarci taron yini biyu na ministoci kan harkokin sufuri, wanda hukumar ta UNESCAP ta dauki nauyi. Kasashen China, Indonesia, Laos, Korea, Cambodia, Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Iran, da dai sauransu sun kera layin dogo mai tsawon kilomita 81,000 wanda zai hada kasashe 28 ta hanyoyin mota da jiragen ruwa domin bunkasa tattalin arzikin Asiya da kuma hanyar kai tsaye zuwa kasuwannin Turai. . Shirin shi ne samar da hanyoyi tsakanin kasashen Asiya, sannan za a fadada zuwa makwabtanta na tsakiya, da kuma zuwa Turai. Wannan haƙiƙa wani tsari ne na sabuwar hanyar siliki ta kasar Sin.

A cikin watan Janairun 2008, Sin, Mongolia, Rasha, Belarus, Poland, da Jamus sun aiwatar da hanyar farko ta gadar Eurasian Land Bridge kuma sun amince da samar da yanayi don share fagen zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa na yau da kullun tsakanin Turai da Asiya. Wani jirgin kasa na zanga-zangar da aka yi wa lakabi da "The Beijing-Hamburg Container Express," dauke da kayakin kayayyaki na kasar Sin, ya birkice daga daya daga cikin cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na Kamfanin Railway Container Transport Corp Ltd.

Jirgin ya yi tafiyar kilomita 10,000 (mil 6,200) cikin kwanaki 15, inda ya ratsa kasashen China, Mongolia, Rasha, Belarus da Poland kafin ya isa birnin Hamburg na Jamus. Idan aka kwatanta, zirga-zirgar teku tana ƙara kilomita 10,000 don tafiya ta tekun Indiya, kuma da an kwashe kwanaki 40 ana jigilar kayayyaki daga China zuwa Jamus - fiye da ninki biyu don aika jiragen kasa ta hanyar Eurasian. Hanyar siliki ta asali ita ma tana da bangaren jiragen ruwa, haka ma sabuwar hanyar siliki ta kasar Sin.

Hanyar siliki ta asali, ko Hanyar Siliki, tana nufin hanyar sadarwa ta tarihi ta hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke haɗa haɗin kai a cikin ƙasar Afro-Eurasian wadda ta haɗa Gabas, Kudu, da Yammacin Asiya tare da Bahar Rum da Duniyar Turai, da kuma sassan Arewa da Gabashin Afirka. Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na kasa an kara su ne ta hanyoyin teku, wadanda suka tashi daga Bahar Maliya zuwa gabar tekun Indiya, Sin, da kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

Hanyar siliki mai nisan mil 4,000 (kilomita 6,500), ta samo sunan ta ne daga sana'ar siliki mai arziƙi na kasar Sin da ke tare da ita, wadda ta fara a zamanin daular Han (206 KZ-220 CE). An fadada sassan tsakiyar Asiya na hanyoyin kasuwanci a kusa da 114 KZ ta daular Han. A ƙarshen Zamani na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ana sake amfani da hanyoyin siliki na ruwa da na kan tudu, galibi suna bin tsoffin hanyoyin.

Ciniki a kan hanyar siliki ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari ga ci gaban manyan al'ummomin kasashen Sin, Indiya, Masar ta da, da Farisa, da Larabawa, da Rum ta da, kuma ta bangarori da dama sun taimaka wajen kafa harsashin zamani na zamani. Ko da yake siliki ya kasance babban abin ciniki daga kasar Sin, an yi ciniki da wasu kayayyaki da yawa, kuma fasahohi daban-daban, addinai, da falsafa sun yi tafiya tare da hanyoyin siliki. Kasar Sin ta yi cinikin siliki, shayi, da ain; yayin da Indiya ke cinikin kayan yaji, da hauren giwa, da yadi, da duwatsu masu daraja, da barkono; kuma Daular Roma tana fitar da zinariya, azurfa, kayan gilashi masu kyau, giya, kafet, da kayan ado. Manyan ‘yan kasuwa a zamanin da su ne ‘yan kasuwar Indiyawa da Bactrian, sannan daga karni na 5 zuwa na 8 AZ, ‘yan kasuwar Sogdiya, sannan daga bisani ‘yan kasuwan Larabawa da Farisa.

Yayin da ya ke tafe zuwa yamma daga tsoffin cibiyoyin kasuwanci na kasar Sin, hanyar siliki ta kan kasa, da ke tsakanin nahiya ta rabe zuwa arewa da kudu ta hamadar Taklimakan da Lop Nur.

Hanyar arewa ta fara ne daga Chang'an (wanda a yanzu ake kira Xi'an), hedkwatar tsohuwar daular kasar Sin, wadda a zamanin Han daga baya, aka koma gabas zuwa Luoyang. An bayyana hanyar ne kimanin karni na 1 KZ yayin da Han Wudi ya kawo karshen cin zarafi daga kabilun makiyaya.

Hanyar arewa ta bi ta arewa maso yamma ta lardin Gansu na kasar Sin daga lardin Shaanxi, kuma ta rabu zuwa wasu karin hanyoyi uku, biyu daga cikinsu sun bi tsaunukan tsaunuka zuwa arewa da kudancin hamadar Taklamakan don komawa Kashgar; da sauran da ke arewacin tsaunin Tian Shan ta Turpan, Talgar da Almaty (a yankin da ke kudu maso gabashin Kazakhstan a yanzu). Hanyoyin sun sake raba yamma da Kashgar, tare da reshe na kudu da ke gangarowa zuwa kwarin Alai zuwa tsohuwar Farisa tun daga Termez (a Uzbekistan ta zamani) da Balkh (Afghanistan), yayin da ɗayan ya bi ta Kokand a cikin kwarin Fergana (a gabas ta yau. Uzbekistan) sa'an nan kuma yamma a hayin Karakum Desert. Dukkan hanyoyin biyu sun shiga babbar hanyar kudanci kafin su isa Merv (Turkmenistan).

Hanyar ayari, hanyar siliki ta arewa ta kawo wa kasar Sin kayayyaki da yawa kamar dabino, foda, da goro na Farisa; turare, aloes, da mur daga Somaliya; sandalwood daga Indiya; kwalabe gilashi daga Masar; da sauran kayayyaki masu tsada da kyawawa daga sassan duniya. A musanya, ayari sun mayar da bola na siliki na siliki, lacquerware, da porcelain. Wani reshe na hanyar arewa ya juya arewa maso yamma ya wuce Tekun Aral da arewacin Tekun Caspian, sannan kuma zuwa Bahar Black.

Hanyar kudanci ta kasance hanya daya tak da ta tashi daga kasar Sin, ta hanyar Karakoram, inda ta dore har zuwa zamani kamar yadda titin kasa da kasa da ke hade Pakistan da Sin a matsayin babbar hanyar Karakoram. Daga nan sai ta tashi zuwa yamma, amma tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran kudu waɗanda ke ba da damar kammala tafiyar ta teku daga wurare daban-daban.

Ta tsallaka tsaunuka masu tsayi, ta bi ta arewacin Pakistan, ta kan tsaunukan Hindu Kush, da kuma zuwa Afghanistan, ta sake shiga hanyar arewa kusa da Merv. Daga nan sai ta bi layin da ya kusa kai tsaye zuwa yamma ta arewacin kasar Iran mai tsaunuka, da Mesopotamiya, da kuma iyakar arewacin hamadar Syria zuwa Levant, inda jiragen ruwa na cinikin Bahar Rum ke bi ta yau da kullum zuwa Italiya, yayin da hanyoyin kasa suka bi ko dai arewa ta hanyar Anatoliya ko kudu. Arewacin Afirka. Wata hanyar reshe ta taso daga Herat ta hanyar Susa zuwa Charax Spasinu a kan Tekun Fasha, zuwa Petra, da kuma zuwa Alexandria da sauran tashar jiragen ruwa na gabashin Bahar Rum daga inda jiragen ruwa ke jigilar kaya zuwa Roma.

Me yasa Amurka da China suke amfani da sunan hanyar siliki? Domin ba a taba yin rijistar sunan Titin Silk a matsayin alamar tambarin hukumomin yawon bude ido na duniya ba. Ana fargabar yawancin Sabbin hanyoyin siliki da yawa da yawa suna rage mahimmanci da soyayyar hanyar siliki ta asali.