Fitaccen Mai Gine-ginen Kasa na Tsakiyar Park

HOTEL TARIHIN Central Park Hoton museumofthecity.org e1648930656742 | eTurboNews | eTN
Central Park - hoton hoto na museumofthecity.org

Frederick Law Olmsted masanin shimfidar wuri ne na Amurka, ɗan jarida, mai sukar zamantakewa, kuma mai gudanarwa na jama'a. An dauke shi a matsayin uban gine-ginen shimfidar wurare. Olmsted ya shahara wajen tsara manyan wuraren shakatawa na birane da yawa tare da abokin aikinsa Calvert Vaux. Shahararriyar nasarar Olmsted da Vaux ita ce Central Park a cikin New York City wanda ya haifar da wasu ƙirar wuraren shakatawa na birane da yawa, gami da Prospect Park a cikin abin da ke yanzu gundumar Brooklyn a ciki New York City da Cadwalader Park a Trenton. Charles Eliot Norton ya kira Olmsted "babban mai fasaha da Amurka ta samar". An fara buga shi 'A Journey in the Sea-board Slave States' a 1856 kuma ya taso daga tafiye-tafiye a kudu wanda Olmsted, mai sha'awar kawar da kai ya yi a 1853-1854.

Sauran ayyukan da Olmsted ke da hannu a ciki sun haɗa da tsarin haɗin gwiwa na farko da mafi tsufa na ƙasar na wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa a Buffalo, New York; filin shakatawa mafi dadewa a kasar, ajiyar Niagara a Niagara Falls, New York; ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin farko da aka tsara a Amurka, Riverside, Illinois; Dutsen Royal Park a Montreal, Quebec; Cibiyar Rayuwa a Hartford, Connecticut; Asibitin Waterbury a Waterbury, Connecticut; Emerald Necklace a Boston, Massachusetts; Highland Park a Rochester, New York; Babban Abun Wuya na Parks a Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Cherokee Park da wuraren shakatawa da tsarin shakatawa a Louisville, Kentucky; Walnut Hill Park a New Britain, Connecticut, Gidan Biltmore a Asheville, North Carolina; babban shirin na Jami'ar California, Berkeley, Jami'ar Maine, Jami'ar Stanford kusa da Palo Alto, California, da Makarantar Lawrenceville; da Montebello Park a St. Catharines, Ontario. A cikin Chicago ayyukansa sun haɗa da: Park Park; Washington Park; babban filin shakatawa na 1893 World's Columbian Exposition; yankin kudu na Chicago's "emerald abun wuya" boulevard zobe; da Jami'ar Chicago harabar. A Washington, DC, ya yi aiki a kan yanayin da ke kewaye da ginin Capitol na Amurka.

’Yan zamaninsa sun gane ingancin tsarin gine-ginen Olmsted, waɗanda suka ba shi kwamitoci masu daraja. Daniel Burnham ya ce game da shi, “Yana yin fenti da tabkuna da gangaren katako; tare da lawns da bankuna da tuddai masu dazuzzuka; tare da gefen tsaunuka da ra'ayoyin teku..." Ayyukansa, musamman a cikin Central Park, ya kafa ma'auni na inganci wanda ke ci gaba da rinjayar gine-ginen wuri a Amurka. Ya kasance farkon kuma mai mahimmanci mai fafutuka a cikin motsin kiyayewa, gami da aiki a Niagara Falls; yankin Adirondack na jihar New York; da tsarin National Park; kuma ko da yake ba a san shi ba, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa da ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya ga Rundunar Sojan Ƙasa a yakin basasa.

An haifi Olmsted a Hartford, Connecticut, a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1822. Mahaifinsa, John Olmsted, ɗan kasuwa ne mai wadata wanda ya ɗauki sha'awar yanayi, mutane, da wurare; Frederick Law da ƙanensa, John Hull, su ma sun nuna sha’awar. Mahaifiyarsa, Charlotte Law (Hull) Olmsted, ta mutu kafin haihuwarsa ta huɗu. Mahaifinsa ya sake yin aure a shekara ta 1827 ga Mary Ann Bull, wadda ta raba ƙauna mai karfi ga mijinta kuma yana da ɗanɗano mai girma.

Lokacin da matashin Olmsted ya kusa shiga Kwalejin Yale, gubar sumac ya raunana idanunsa, don haka ya daina shirye-shiryen kwaleji. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da jirgin ruwa, ɗan kasuwa, da ɗan jarida, Olmsted ya zauna a gona mai girman eka 125 a cikin Janairu 1848 a kudu maso gabar Staten Island, New York, gonar da mahaifinsa ya taimaka masa ya samu.

Aure da iyali

Ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1859, Olmsted ya auri Mary Cleveland (Perkins) Olmsted, gwauruwar ɗan'uwansa John (wanda ya mutu a 1857). Ya ɗauki 'ya'yanta uku, John Charles Olmsted (an haife shi 1852), Charlotte Olmsted (wanda daga baya ya auri Bryant), da Owen Olmsted.

Frederick da Maryamu kuma suna da yara biyu tare waɗanda suka tsira daga ƙuruciya; 'yar, Marion (an haife shi Oktoba 28, 1861), da ɗa Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., an haife shi a shekara ta 1870. An haifi ɗansu na farko, John Theodore Olmsted a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1860, kuma ya mutu yana ƙarami.

Olmsted yana da gagarumin aiki a aikin jarida. A cikin 1850 ya tafi Ingila don ziyartar lambunan jama'a, inda Park Birkenhead na Joseph Paxton ya burge shi sosai. Daga baya ya rubuta kuma ya buga Walks and Talks of American Farmer a Ingila a cikin 1852.

Mai sha'awar tattalin arzikin bawa, New York Daily Times (yanzu The New York Times) ya ba shi izinin yin balaguron bincike mai zurfi ta Kudancin Amurka da Texas daga 1852 zuwa 1857. An tattara abubuwan da ya aika zuwa Times zuwa juzu'i uku. (Tafiya a cikin Ƙasar Bawan Teku (1856), Tafiya ta Texas (1857), Tafiya a cikin Ƙasar Baya a cikin hunturu na 1853-4 (1860).

Olmsted ya yi tunanin cewa rashin ’yan tsakiyar turawan Kudancin Kudu da kuma tsananin talauci na ’yan kasa ne ya hana ci gaban yawancin abubuwan more rayuwa da aka dauka a Arewa.

Jama’ar jihohin auduga, gaba daya, talakawa ne. Suna aiki kaɗan, kuma ɗan ƙaramin, mara kyau; kadan sukan samu, kadan suke siyarwa; suna saya kadan, kuma suna da kadan - kadan kadan - na jin daɗin rayuwa da ta'aziyya na rayuwar wayewa. Talaucinsu ba abu ne kawai ba; ilimi ne kuma yana da ɗabi'a… Ba su kasance masu karimci ba kuma ba su kasance masu karimci ba kuma maganarsu ba ta mazaje masu jajircewa ba ce.

New York City Central Park

Andrew Jackson Downing, masanin shimfidar wuri mai kwarjini daga Newburgh, New York, yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya ba da shawarar haɓaka wurin shakatawa na New York a matsayinsa na mawallafin The Horticulturist. Aboki kuma mai ba da shawara ga Olmsted, Downing ya gabatar da shi ga masanin gine-ginen Ingilishi Calvert Vaux, wanda Downing ya kawo Amurka a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwar gine-gine. Bayan da Downing ya mutu a watan Yulin 1852 a wata gobara da aka bazu a kogin Hudson na jirgin ruwa Henry Clay, Olmsted da Vaux sun shiga gasar zane-zane ta Tsakiyar Park tare, da Egbert Ludovicus Viele da sauransu. Vaux ya gayyaci Olmsted maras ƙwararru don shiga gasar ƙira tare da shi, saboda ya gamsu da ra'ayoyin Olmsted da abokan hulɗar siyasa. Kafin wannan, sabanin ƙwararrun Vaux, Olmsted bai taɓa ƙira ko aiwatar da ƙirar shimfidar wuri ba.

An sanar da Tsarin su na Greensward a cikin 1858 azaman ƙirar nasara. Lokacin da ya dawo daga Kudu, Olmsted ya fara aiwatar da shirin su kusan nan da nan. Olmsted da Vaux sun ci gaba da haɗin gwiwarsu na yau da kullun don tsara Park Prospect a Brooklyn daga 1865 zuwa 1873. Wasu ayyuka suka biyo baya. Vaux ya kasance a cikin inuwar babban halayen jama'a da alaƙar zamantakewar Olmsted.

Zane na Central Park ya ƙunshi sanin zamantakewar Olmsted da sadaukar da kai ga manufofin daidaito. Downing ya yi tasiri da abubuwan da ya gani game da zamantakewar jama'a a Ingila, China, da Kudancin Amurka, Olmsted ya yi imanin cewa koren koren dole ne koyaushe ya kasance daidai da kowane ɗan ƙasa, kuma dole ne a kare shi daga cin zarafi na sirri. Wannan ƙa'idar yanzu tana da mahimmanci ga ra'ayin "wajen shakatawa na jama'a", amma ba a ɗauka kamar yadda ya cancanta ba a lokacin. Zaman Olmsted a matsayin kwamishinan Park Park yayi doguwar gwagwarmaya don kiyaye wannan ra'ayin.

A cikin 1865, Vaux da Olmsted sun kafa Olmsted, Vaux & Co. Lokacin da Olmsted ya koma New York, shi da Vaux suka tsara Prospect Park; wuraren shakatawa na Riverside na Chicago na kewayen birni; tsarin wurin shakatawa na Buffalo, New York; Milwaukee, Babban abin wuya na wuraren shakatawa na Wisconsin; da kuma ajiyar Niagara a Niagara Falls.

Olmsted ba wai kawai ya ƙirƙiri wuraren shakatawa na birni da yawa a cikin ƙasar ba, ya kuma tsara tsarin gine-ginen wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa masu haɗin gwiwa don haɗa wasu biranen zuwa wuraren kore. Wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan ma'aunin da Olmsted ya yi aiki a kai su ne tsarin wurin shakatawa da aka tsara don Buffalo, New York, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyuka; tsarin da ya tsara don Milwaukee, Wisconsin, da tsarin wurin shakatawa da aka tsara don Louisville, Kentucky, wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin tsarin shakatawa guda huɗu da Olmsted ya ƙera a duniya.

Olmsted ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa akai-akai tare da injiniya Henry Hobson Richardson, wanda ya ƙirƙira tsare-tsaren shimfidar wuri don ayyukan rabin dozin, ciki har da hukumar Richardson na mafakar Buffalo. A cikin 1871, Olmsted ya tsara filin asibitin Hudson River State don Mahaukata a Poughkeepsie.

A cikin 1883, Olmsted ya kafa abin da ake ɗauka shine kamfanin gine-gine na farko na cikakken lokaci a Brookline, Massachusetts. Ya kira harabar gida da ofis Fairsted. Yanzu shine Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Frederick Law Olmsted wanda aka dawo dashi. Daga nan Olmsted ya tsara abin wuya na Emerald na Boston, da cibiyoyin Kwalejin Wellesley, Kwalejin Smith, Jami'ar Stanford da Jami'ar Chicago, da kuma 1893 World's Fair a Chicago, a tsakanin sauran ayyuka.

Frederick Law Olmsted an san shi da "mahaifin Architecture na Ƙasar Amurka."

stanleyturkel | eTurboNews | eTN

Stanley Turkel ne adam wata An sanya shi a matsayin Tarihin Tarihi na shekara ta 2020 ta Tarihi na Tarihi na Tarihi, shirin hukuma na National Trust for Adana Tarihi, wanda a baya aka sanya masa suna a cikin 2015 da 2014. Turkel shi ne mashawarcin mashawarcin otal otal da aka fi yaduwa a Amurka. Yana aiki da aikin tuntuɓar otal ɗin da yake aiki a matsayin ƙwararren mashaidi a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi otal, yana ba da kula da kadara da shawarwarin ikon mallakar otal. An tabbatar dashi a matsayin Babban Mai Ba da Otal din Otal daga Cibiyar Ilimi ta Hotelasar Amurkan Hotel da Lodging Association. [email kariya] 917-628-8549

Sabon littafinsa mai suna "Great American Hotel Architects Volume 2" an buga shi.

Sauran Littattafan Otal da Aka Buga:

• Manyan otal -otal na Amurka: Majagaba na Masana'antar otal (2009)

• An Gina Don Ƙarshe: Otal-otal sama da 100 a New York (2011)

• An Gina Don Ƙarshe: Otal-otal 100+ Gabas na Mississippi (2013)

• Hotel Mavens: Lucius M. Boomer, George C. Boldt, Oscar na Waldorf (2014)

• Manyan otal -otal na Amurka Juzu'i na 2: Majagaba na Masana'antar otal (2016)

• An Gina Don Ƙarshe: Otal-otal 100+ Yammacin Mississippi (2017)

• Hotel Mavens Volume 2: Henry Morrison Flagler, Henry Bradley Shuka, Carl Graham Fisher (2018)

• Babban American Hotel Architects Volume I (2019)

• Hotel Mavens: Volume 3: Bob da Larry Tisch, Ralph Hitz, Cesar Ritz, Curt Strand

Duk waɗannan littattafan ana iya yin odarsu daga Gidan Gida ta ziyartar stanleyturkel.com  da danna sunan littafin.

Game da marubucin

Avatar na Stanley Turkel CMHS hotel-online.com

Stanley Turkel CMHS hotel-online.com

Labarai
Sanarwa na
bako
0 comments
Bayanin Cikin Lissafi
Duba duk maganganu
0
Za a son tunanin ku, don Allah sharhi.x
()
x
Share zuwa...