Machu Picchu: Asiri a sararin sama


Hazo da sanyin safiya na yaduwa a cikin shimfidar itatuwan dabino da korayen dazuzzukan da duwatsu masu cike da dusar ƙanƙara suka tsara. Wannan tafiya da 'yan yawon bude ido da yawa ke yi a kowace rana daidai da hanyar da mai binciken Hiram Bingham ya bi a ƙarshen 1911. A yau muna yin biki a cikin wani jirgin ƙasa mai cike da farin ciki - sannan mu tafi bas mai daɗi da tafiya tsakanin llamas.

Bingham na balaguro ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa Lost City of the Incas: “Zai zama labari mara daɗi mai cike da maimaitawa kuma in yi ƙoƙarin kwatanta filaye marasa adadi, manyan duwatsu masu tsayi da kuma abubuwan ban mamaki a koyaushe.

Bayan jirgin ya isa ƙauyen, masu yawon bude ido suna shiga ƙananan bas don fara hawan ƙarshe. Hanyar ƙazanta mai jujjuyawa ta haura sama zuwa filaye na manyan duwatsu da tsaunuka har sai an bayyana ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa. Jerin gine-ginen dutse da filaye a saman dutsen ya bayyana.

"Tare da gandun daji a gaba da glaciers a bango mai girma," in ji kalmomin Bingham kusan karni daya da suka gabata, "Hatta hanyar da ake kira hanya ta zama mai kaifi - ko da yake tana gudu sama da ƙasa da matakan dutse a wasu lokuta ana yankewa daga cikin dutsen. Mun sami ci gaba a hankali, amma mun zauna a cikin ƙasa mai ban mamaki. "

Yana ɗaukar zurfin tunani don tunanin yadda kowane ɗan adam zai iya yin tsayin daka kamar Inca don gina ƙasa a nan. Amma duk da haka yana da tsayi a cikin Andes na Peruvian a wasu mita 2,500 sama da matakin teku a cikin haramcin tsaunuka kuma a zahiri daidai a cikin gajimare shine Machu Picchu, ƙaƙƙarfan matsugunin da sarakunan lokaci ɗaya na Kudancin Amurka, daular Inca suka bari.

A yau Machu Picchu ya zama birni mai ban sha'awa na fatalwa. Kusan karni guda yana daure da sha'awar masani da ma'abocin gaskiya, kasancewar batun tatsuniya, rabin gaskiya, tatsuniyoyi da dogayen tatsuniyoyi yayin da masu ba da labari ke kera nau'ikan gasa na irin abin da ya wanzu a nan. Har ma ya kasance mai ɗaukar tuta na motsi na ruhaniya, tun daga hippies zuwa gaba, wanda jagorar ke tafiya da masu yawon bude ido a kusa da wurin suna ciyar da su da labarun da ba za su iya yiwuwa ba.

Ƙungiyoyin ruhaniya "Sun haɗa abubuwa da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu an samo su ne daga addinan addinin Andean na zamani, amma wasu daga Arewacin Amirka ko na Indiyawan Indiya," in ji Richard Burger, farfesa na Jami'ar Yale kuma fitaccen masanin Machu Picchu, " Wataƙila ana ɗaukar wasu daga Celtic - kuma wanene ya sani, watakila imanin Tibet.

Kamar yadda mutane suka zama masu sha'awar abubuwa na ruhaniya, Machu Picchu jagororin sun zama shamans ko firistoci na asali, in ji Burger, wanda ya samar da kowane irin labarun da suka san mutane za su yi farin ciki. Duk da haka Burger ya yi kuka cewa yawancin waɗannan tatsuniyoyi ba su da alaƙa da Machu Picchu. Jagororin suna ba da labarun kuzarin sufanci ko ma yin bukukuwa da al'adu.

“Masu jagororin a raina kamar ’yan wasan barkwanci ne na Catskill. Suna fitowa a gaban gungun mutane masu tsauri kuma suna ganin yadda masu yawon bude ido ke amsa labaran da suke bayarwa. Ya danganta da irin martanin da aka yi, tabbas hakan zai yi daidai da abin da suka samu - ko kuma aƙalla adadin mutanen da suka tsaya dukan balaguron kuma ba sa yawo."

Ko da Walt Disney ya ba da labarinsa na labarin Inca a cikin fim ɗin mai rai The Emperors New Clothes. Yayin da labarin Disney na sarki Cusco da aka canza shi da sihiri ya zama llama yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙaya, ta hanyarsa cewa sauran labaran duniya suna ba da gudummawa ga matsayi na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu sana'a da mayaƙa na Inca.

Fim ɗin raye-rayen Walt Disney The Emperors New Groove, kamar jerin shirye-shiryen Stephen Spielberg na Indiana Jones ko ma zanen hoto na Mel Gibson na tsohuwar wayewar Mayan a Apocalypto sun ba da gudummawar shaharar al'adun juya tsoffin wayewa zuwa gumakansu. Machu Picchu ba shi da bambanci.

"A bayyane yake cewa Machu Picchu an gina shi ne don Inca Pachacuti wanda ya kasance babban mai mulki. Haɗe-haɗe ne na ɗan asiri kuma ɗan siyasa sosai,” in ji Jorge A. Flores Ochoa, masanin ilimin ɗan adam a Jami’ar Ƙasa ta Cusco, “Ya zaɓi wuri na musamman kamar Machu Picchu domin ya fi kowane abu ban mamaki.”

“Ya canza addinin Inca cikin kankanin lokaci, shekaru hamsin, kuma yana alfahari da girman Incas. Jihar ta kasance mai ƙarfi sosai kuma tana sarrafa kusan komai. A wannan ma'anar, Incas yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana da ingantacciyar injiniya. Aikin dutsen nasu ma yana da kyau sosai."

Shaidar Inca ta ƙarshe ta nuna cewa an fara ginin wurin Machu Picchu a kusan shekara ta 1450, kuma ana tunanin an yi watsi da shi bayan shekaru 80. Mutanen Espanya za su ci gaba da mamaye Peru a 1532, tare da ƙaddamar da Inca na ƙarshe a 1572.

Dole ne kawai ku shiga filin jirgin saman Lima babban birnin Peru, kuma da sauri kun gane girman da Machu Picchu ya samu a nan. A kan allunan tallace-tallace na kamfanonin katin kiredit ga kamfanonin gidaje, asirin Machu Picchu ya zama babbar ƙungiya mai daraja a cikin ƙasar da ta ci gaba da tsoratar da mamayar Spain na waɗannan ƙasashe.

Rodolfo Florez Usseglio na Hidden Treasure Peru, ɗan kasuwan al'adu daga Cusco wanda ke tattara labaran al'adun wannan ƙasa ya ce: "Ƙungiyoyin Incas al'umma ne da aka yi don yaki," in ji Rodolfo Florez Usseglio na Hidden Treasure Peru, "Sun ci nasara a yankuna daban-daban, daga Kudancin Chile. Panama to Argentina. Sun kasance masu girma a kimiyyar yaki kuma sun kasance al'ummar da ke da kyakkyawar sadarwa "

"Al'umma ta kasance mai girma - ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau a duniya. Lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka zo nan sun haifar da babbar girgiza. Wanda har yanzu ba mu ci nasara ba.”

A cikin Peru, inda talauci zai iya zama mai ban sha'awa, gadon Machu Picchu da kuma duniya mai karfi da Inca ya halitta suna tunatar da cewa wannan al'ummar ta kasance mai iko a duniya da za a yi la'akari da ita.

Sanin zamani game da Machu Picchu ya fara da girma fiye da adadi na rayuwar Ba'amurke mai binciken Hiram Bingham III, wanda aka lasafta shi da sake gano wurin a 1911, kuma a zahiri ya sanya matsuguni a kan taswira a idon duniya.

The Lost City of the Incas Bingham ya buga bincikensa a cikin Mujallar National Geographic kuma ya rubuta sanannen Lost City of the Incas, labarin da ya zagaya duniya; duk da abin da aka samu daga baya ya zama tatsuniyoyi da zato, kamar imani cewa Machu Picchu birni ne kwata-kwata. Burger, wanda ya sake duba binciken Bingham, ya kammala da cewa gadon sarauta ne.

Burger ya ce: "Ina jin cewa Bingham ya yi kuskure," in ji Burger, "Daya daga cikin matsalolin da ya kasa shawo kan shi shine cewa an horar da shi ne kawai a matsayin masanin tarihi. Don haka yana da wuya a gare shi ya ga ainihin shaidar archaeological a matsayin tushe mai ƙarfi don yin tunani.”

“Hanyar da ya yi tunani a matsayinsa na ɗan tarihi shine cewa akwai cikakkiyar fahimta da ke samuwa daga tarihin tarihin kuma cewa idan zai iya dacewa da abin da ya samo - waɗannan ragowar jiki - cikin wannan tsarin, zai yi kyau. Abin ban mamaki, idan akwai, shi ne ya sami shafin da ya fi wuya a yi haka da shi. Ya samo wani rukunin yanar gizon da ba a ambata ba, shafin da ba shi da sha'awar Mutanen Espanya sosai."

Bingham ya bayyana wurin a matsayin cibiya ce da firistoci suka yi bautar rana tare da zaɓaɓɓun gungun budurwai na karin magana na rana. Bingham ya kuma ce wurin shine wurin haifuwar Inca. An gano tsawon shekaru, duk da haka, cewa babu wani abin da zai goyi bayan waɗannan ka'idodin.

Takaddama game da tarin Machu Picchu Muhimmin gardama game da Machu Picchu shine yaƙin da ake yi na kayan tarihi da Bingham ya tattara a lokacin balaguron farko. Mai binciken ya kwashe kayan don yin nazari a gidan kayan tarihi na Yale's Peabody a cikin wata yarjejeniya mai cike da cece-ku-ce da gwamnatin Peru ta yi ikirarin cewa da an dawo da kayan cikin gaggawa bayan nazari. Kusan shekaru ɗari kenan, duk da haka, kuma Peru tana son su dawo. Duk da yarjejeniya tsakanin Jami'ar Yale da gwamnatin Peru ta Alan Garcia a cikin 2007, muhawarar ta kara tsananta a farkon wannan shekara lokacin da aka bayyana cewa adadin abubuwan da aka ajiye a Yale - wanda aka yi tunanin yana kusa da 3,000 - yanzu an ce. fiye da 40,000.

Yadda wasu 'yan Peruvian suke ganinsa, Hiram Bingham wani babi ne a zamanin mulkin mallaka na ƙasar inda aka kwashe wasu sassa na tarihi da al'adunsu, aka sake rubuta su, da kuma rubuta su don cin gajiyar wani, da shahara.

“Matsalar ba Bingham ba ce, matsalar da gaske ita ce halayen Jami’ar Yale game da tarin Machu Picchu,” in ji masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi Luis Lumbreras, shi kansa tsohon shugaban Instituto National de Cultura, wanda ya saba da lamarin. "Matsalar ita ce halayen da suka shafi ƙasata, da dokokina a Peru da kuma game da izinin da ya ba da damar fitar da tarin."

Yayin da yake shugaban makarantar ya amince da dawo da wani yanki mai kyau na tarin Machu Picchu, Lumbreras ya keɓanta ga sharuɗɗan da Yale ya gindaya game da gina gidan kayan gargajiya don ajiye abubuwan kafin ya ga dawowar su. Yale yana kiran harbi, Lumbreras yana ji, kuma baya son hakan.

"Shekaru casa'in bayan haka halin Yale yana da kyau, amma ... 'za mu dawo da tarin idan kuna da gidan kayan gargajiya a ƙarƙashin yanayin da nake tambaya', babban Yale. Lallai ba zai yiwu ba.”

Farfesa Burger na Yale ya mayar da martani, duk da haka, cewa tsauraran manufofin game da fitar da tarin Machu Picchu ya kasance ne kawai a cikin balaguron da ya yi a baya - lokacin da mai binciken bai sami irin wannan matakan tallafi daga gwamnatin Peruvian ba. Fahimtar tarin da aka yi a baya, Burger yayi ikirari, shine cewa an kai abubuwan zuwa Amurka, 'cikin har abada'.

Shiga da Zuwa Yawancin masu yawon bude ido da ke tafiya zuwa Machu Picchu za su isa Lima, sannan jirgin sa'a daya da kwata ya biyo baya zuwa Cusco, menene ainihin cibiyar daular Inca. Anan akwai yuwuwa mazauna wurin sun gaishe ku da shayin ganyen koko wanda aka ce yana rage illar rashin lafiya. Cusco da majami'u da gidajen tarihi sun kafa wani kyakkyawan birni wanda ke da gine-gine na musamman da na tarihi wanda ya cancanci gani. Yayin da Machu Picchu shine jauhari a cikin kambi, akwai shafuka da yawa a cikin Kwarin Tsarkaka. Akwai nunin haske da sauti a wurin binciken kayan tarihi na Ollantaytambo, da babban sansanin Sucsayhuaman.
Ana iya samun bayanai kan tafiya zuwa Peru ta hanyar PromPerú, hukumar kula da yawon shakatawa ta ƙasa, Calle Uno Oeste N°50 – Urb. Corpac - Lima 27, Peru. [51] 1 2243131, http://www.promperu.gob.pe

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Mawallafin al'adu na tushen Montreal Andrew Princz shine editan tashar tafiya ontheglobe.com. Yana da hannu a aikin jarida, wayar da kan kasa, inganta yawon shakatawa da ayyukan da suka dace da al'adu a duniya. Ya zagaya kasashe sama da hamsin a duniya; daga Najeriya zuwa Ecuador; Kazakhstan a Indiya. Yana ci gaba da tafiya, yana neman damar yin hulɗa da sababbin al'adu da al'ummomi.