Ƙungiyar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya (IATA) da McKinsey & Kamfanin sun buga wani bincike kan yadda ake samun riba a cikin sarkar darajar jirgin sama da ke nuna cewa riba ta bambanta ta fanni. Har ila yau, binciken ya nuna cewa a dunkule, kamfanonin jiragen sama ba su yi kasa a gwiwa ba a kan dawo da kudaden da mai saka jari ke tsammani.

Duk da yake babu wata hanyar da za ta iya sake daidaita ma'auni cikin sauri, binciken ya kammala cewa akwai wasu mahimman wurare-ciki har da lalata da rarraba bayanai-inda yin aiki tare da raba nauyi zai amfanar da dukan mahalarta sarkar darajar.

Babban mahimman bayanai daga Fahimtar Tasirin Tasirin Cutar A kan Nazarin Ƙimar Sashin Jirgin Sama sun haɗa da:

Rushewar Babban Jari: Duk da isar da daidaiton ribar aiki kafin barkewar cutar (2012-2019), kamfanonin jiragen sama tare ba su samar da koma bayan tattalin arziki sama da Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaici na masana'antar (WACC). A matsakaita jimlar Dawowar Babban Jarida (ROIC) da kamfanonin jiragen sama ke samarwa ya kasance 2.4% ƙasa da WACC, tare da lalata matsakaicin dala biliyan 17.9 na babban birnin kowace shekara.
Darajar HalittaKafin barkewar cutar, duk sassan sarkar darajar ban da kamfanonin jiragen sama sun ba da ROIC fiye da WACC, tare da filayen jirgin saman da ke jagorantar fakitin cikin cikakkiyar ƙimar dawowa ta hanyar ba masu zuba jari da matsakaicin dala biliyan 4.6 a kowace shekara sama da WACC (3% na kudaden shiga ). Lokacin da aka duba a matsayin kaso na kudaden shiga, Global Distribution Systems (GDSs)/Travel Tech kamfanonin sun kasance kan gaba a jerin tare da matsakaicin dawowar 8.5% na kudaden shiga sama da WACC ($ 700 miliyan a kowace shekara), sai masu kula da ƙasa (5.1% na kudaden shiga ko dala biliyan 1.5). kowace shekara), da kuma Masu Ba da Sabis na Kewayawa na Jirgin Sama (ANSPs) a 4.4% na kudaden shiga ($ 1.0 biliyan kowace shekara).
Canje-canjen Cutar: Kodayake cutar ta barke (2020-2021) ta ga asara a duk faɗin sarkar darajar, a cikin cikakkiyar ma'anar asarar kamfanonin jiragen sama ya jagoranci fakitin, tare da ROIC ya faɗi ƙasa da WACC da matsakaicin dala biliyan 104.1 a shekara (-20.6% na kudaden shiga). Filayen jiragen sama sun ga ROIC sun faɗi dala biliyan 34.3 a ƙasan WACC kuma suna haifar da asarar tattalin arziƙi mafi girma a matsayin kaso na kudaden shiga (-39.5% na kudaden shiga).

"Wannan binciken ya sake tabbatar da cewa kamfanonin jiragen sama sun inganta ribar su a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan Rikicin Kudi na Duniya. Amma kuma ya nuna a fili cewa kamfanonin jiragen sama, a matsakaici, ba su sami damar cin gajiyar kuɗi daidai da masu samar da kayayyaki da abokan aikinsu ba. Lada a cikin sarkar darajar kuma ba ta dace da haɗari ba. Kamfanonin jiragen sama sun fi damuwa da firgici amma suna da iyakacin ribar da za su gina wani tanadin kuɗi, "in ji Willie Walsh, Babban Darakta na IATA.

"Barkewar cutar ta ga duk 'yan wasan sun fada cikin asarar tattalin arziki. Yayin da masana'antar ke murmurewa daga rikicin, tambayar mafi mahimmancin binciken ita ce: shin za a iya samun daidaiton daidaiton rarraba tattalin arzikin da ake samu a duniya bayan barkewar annobar?" in ji Walsh.

An lura da canje-canje da yawa a cikin bayanin martabar dawowar tattalin arzikin jirgin sama a cikin binciken:

Yayin da dillalan hanyar sadarwa ba su da fa'ida a fannin masu rahusa (LCCs) kafin barkewar cutar, matsakaicin dawo da tattalin arzikin da dillalan hanyar sadarwa ya samu ya zarce na LCCs yayin bala'in. Tazarar da ke tsakanin su biyu, duk da haka ta ragu yayin da ake ci gaba da farfadowa.
Kamfanonin jiragen sama waɗanda ke tafiyar da jigilar kaya kawai suna da fa'idar kuɗi tare da ROI kusan 10%. Don haka, ribar duk wani jigilar kaya ya kasance sabanin kamfanonin jiragen sama masu ɗauke da fasinjoji da kaya. Idan aka kwatanta, aikin duk masu jigilar kaya har yanzu yana ƙasa da matsakaicin ROIC na masu jigilar kaya wanda ya fara rikicin kusan kashi 15% na kudaden shiga kuma ya girma zuwa 40% na kudaden shiga nan da 2021.
A yanki, ya bayyana a fili cewa a cikin jimlar Arewacin Amurka dillalai sun shiga cikin rikicin tare da mafi kyawun ma'auni da ingantaccen aikin kuɗi. Hoton murmurewa bai fito fili ba a cikin 2021, amma bayan da ya fada cikin rikicin, yanayin murmurewa yankin kuma shine mafi girma.

Me yasa kamfanonin jiragen sama ke samar da isassun koma bayan tattalin arziki?

Wani sabon bincike na sojojin da ke tsara ribar jirgin sama da aka fara yi a cikin 2011 tare da Farfesa Michael Porter na Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard ya nuna cewa an sami ɗan canji mai kyau.

Gasar Rarraba Masana'antu: Kamfanonin sufurin jiragen sama suna da gasa sosai, rarrabuwar kawuna kuma suna fuskantar babban shingen fita tare da ƙananan shingen shiga.
Tsarin masu kaya, masu siye da tashoshi: Babban taro na masu samar da kayayyaki masu ƙarfi, fitowar ƙarin ingantattun hanyoyin tafiye-tafiyen iska, ƙorafin samfuri tare da ƙananan farashin canji da rarrabuwar jama'ar masu siye sune halaye na yanayin aiki.

“Yana da wahala a ga yadda wadannan rundunonin da ke da gindin zama za su canza sosai nan da nan gaba. A mafi yawan lokuta sha'awar waɗanda ke cikin sarkar darajar suna da maɓalli sosai don yin aiki azaman abokan tarayya don fitar da canji wanda zai iya canza ma'anar bayanin martabar riba a cikin sarkar darajar. Don haka ne IATA za ta ci gaba da yin kira ga gwamnatoci da su kara daidaita masu samar da kayayyaki masu zaman kansu ko na kusa da su kamar filayen jirgin sama, ANSPs da GDSs,” in ji Walsh.

Zaɓen IATA na baya-bayan nan ya nuna fahimtar jama'a game da buƙatar daidaita masu samar da keɓaɓɓu. Wasu kashi 85 cikin 11 na masu sayen kayayyaki da aka yi musu ra'ayi a wani bincike na ƙasashe XNUMX sun yarda cewa ya kamata a daidaita farashin da filayen jiragen sama ke karɓa da kansa, kamar kayan aiki.

hadin

Binciken sarkar darajar ya kuma bayyana wasu fagage masu fa'ida tare inda babban haɗin gwiwa zai ba da fa'ida ga kowa. Biyu daga cikin misalan da aka ambata a cikin binciken sun haɗa da:

Abubuwan da suka dace da bayanan da aka samu: Jirgin sama yana haifar da adadi mai yawa na bayanai. A matakin aiki, raba bayanai don gina ƙarin cikakken hoto na yadda yanke shawara na yau da kullun ke tasiri abokan ciniki, tashoshin jiragen sama, jadawalin jirgin sama / motsin ma'aikata, da kuma amfani da titin jirgin sama ya riga ya taimaka wajen fitar da inganci ga duk 'yan wasan masana'antu a wasu filayen jirgin sama. Ana iya amfani da wannan ka'ida guda ɗaya a cikin masana'antu don yin mafi kyawun yanke shawara na dogon lokaci a fannonin da suka haɗa da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa, haɓaka tsari, da haɓaka ƙwarewa.
Decarbonization: Samun iskar iskar carbon sifiri nan da shekara ta 2050 ba za a iya yi ta kamfanonin jiragen sama kadai ba. Masu samar da man fetur suna buƙatar samar da isassun man fetur na jiragen sama a kan farashi mai araha. ANSPs suna buƙatar samar da ingantattun hanyoyin zirga-zirga waɗanda ke rage yawan hayaƙi. Dole ne masu kera injuna da na jiragen sama su kawo jiragen da suka fi amfani da man fetur a kasuwa da kuma amfani da ƙananan ko sifili na iskar carbon kamar hydrogen ko lantarki. Wadanda ke ba da sabis a cikin yanayin filin jirgin sama za su buƙaci canza zuwa motocin lantarki.

"Babu wani maganin sihiri don sake daidaita sarkar darajar. Amma a bayyane yake cewa muradun gwamnatoci, matafiya da sauran mahalarta sarkar darajar sun fi dacewa da mahalarta masu lafiya na kuɗi - musamman kamfanonin jiragen sama. Haɗin ingantacciyar ƙa'ida da haɗin kai a wuraren da ke da sha'awar juna zai iya motsa allura. Kuma akwai aƙalla wurare guda biyu da suka dace don haɗin gwiwa da raba nauyi - bin diddigin abubuwan da suka dace da bayanai da kuma lalata abubuwa," in ji Walsh.

"Muna alfahari da haɗin gwiwa tare da IATA tun 2005 kan fahimtar ƙimar da aka ƙirƙira a cikin sarkar darajar jirgin sama. A tsawon wannan lokacin, masana'antun jiragen sama sun ga rikice-rikice da dawowa da yawa. Amma ba a taɓa samun sarkar darajar jirgin gabaɗaya ta dawo da kuɗin babban birninta ba. Kamfanonin jiragen sama sun kasance mafi rauni a koyaushe, ko da a cikin mafi kyawun shekarun su ba su dawo da farashin babban birnin ba. Amma akwai nasara-nasara, kuma kamfanoni a fadin sarkar darajar za su iya yin aiki mafi kyau tare don hidimar abokan ciniki, da inganta darajar, "in ji Nina Wittkamp, Abokin Hulɗa a McKinsey.