Tarihin otal: Shugaban Kamfanin Bowman-Biltmore Hotel Corporation (1875-1931)

John McEntee Bowman, shugaban Kamfanin Otal ɗin Bowman-Biltmore, ba shi da ƙaramin ƙuruciya. An haife shi a 1875 a Toronto zuwa baƙi Irish-Scott, Bowman ya zo New York a 1892 lokacin yana ɗan shekara goma sha bakwai tare da rashin kuɗi na gargajiya. Ya ɗauki wasiƙar gabatarwa ga manajan otal ɗin Manhattan da ke Madison Avenue da Titin Arba'in da Biyu. Bayan an jira sa'o'i don yin hira, ya tafi ba tare da ganin manajan ba. Daga baya ya aika da wasikar, yana neman a yi masa alkawari amma bai samu amsa ba kuma ba a mayar da wasikar ba. Ya sami gogewarsa ta farko a cikin kasuwancin otal lokacin da ma'aikacin ma'aikata ta aika shi a matsayin magatakarda na gaba zuwa otal na rani a Adirondacks da lokacin hunturu zuwa otal a kudu. Daga baya ya sami aiki a matsayin mai kula da tuki a Durland Riding Academy a Manhattan, fasaha da ya koya a Kanada yana aiki don barga na dawakan tsere akan da'irar adalci. Lokacin da Durland ya zartar da dokar cewa masu hawan doki dole ne su sanya kayan aiki, Bowman ya yi tawaye, ya yi murabus, ya kafa nasa karamar makarantar koyon tuki tare da ƴan dawakai har sai da ya bar ta don kula da giya da sigari a cikin tsohon gidan Holland a kan Fifth Avenue sannan. Mai shi Gustave Baumann ne ke sarrafa shi. Baumann ya yi aiki a matsayin malaminsa kuma mai ba da shawara kuma daga ƙarshe ya naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakinsa da sakatare. Lokacin da Baumann ya buɗe otal ɗin Biltmore na New York a jajibirin sabuwar shekara a shekara ta 1913, ya nada Bowman a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa da manajan darakta. A lokacin rani na 1914, lokacin da Baumann a cikin damuwa ya tashi daga wani babban bene na taga na Biltmore, Bowman ya ci nasara a matsayin shugaban kasa. Warren & Wetmore ne ya tsara Biltmore a cikin sanannen salon Beaux-Arts kuma an buɗe shi kusa da Grand Central Station tare da benaye ashirin da bakwai da dakuna dubu ɗaya.

A farkon karni na ashirin, layin dogo ya ba da asali ga ci gaban otal. Babu wani sabon abu har sai lokacin da ya canza rayuwar zamani kamar titin jirgin kasa wanda ya haifar da ci gaban sabbin otal kusa da tashoshin jirgin kasa na birni. Babban ci gaba shine Grand Central Terminal a cikin birnin New York, cibiyar Beaux-Arts na wani babban hadadden otal, gine-ginen ofis da gine-gine. Injiniyan layin dogo William Wilgus ya yi tunanin wata hanya "don ƙara yawan kuɗin ƙasar." Kafin gina Grand Central, ana kallon ƙasa a matsayin mai ƙima a ƙasa da ƙasa gami da haƙƙin albarkatun ma'adinai. Amma Wilgus ya gane cewa sararin samaniya a kan waƙoƙi yana da mahimmanci kuma ya ƙirƙira manufar "haƙƙin iska na kasuwanci". Don biyan kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen tono wannan yanki, Wilgus ya ba da shawarar siyar da haƙƙoƙin ga masu haɓaka gidaje waɗanda ke da sha'awar gina skyscrapers akan waƙoƙi. A cikin shekarun 1910 zuwa 1920 an cimma manufar Wilgus na haƙƙin iska. Commodore, Biltmore, Park Lane, Roosevelt da Waldorf-Astoria duk an haɓaka su daidai da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙirƙira na Wilgus.

The Hotel Monthly ("The Biltmore, New York's Newest Hotel Creation," Janairu 1914) ya yaba da fa'idodin aiki na Biltmore na yau da kullun, shirin mai siffa mai murabba'i, gami da shimfidar madaidaicin ma'auni tare da ƴan kaɗan, yana sauƙaƙe kewayawar baƙi. Rijiyar hasken U-dimbin yawa na benayen ɗakin baƙo sun ba da damar mafi kyawun haske da samun iska, ƙirƙirar ɗakuna masu yawa. Zane na cikin gida ya samo wuraren jama'a a cikin ma'ana kuma ingantaccen tsari tare da ƙananan ɗakunan jama'a da ɗakin kwana na bene na sama.

Lokacin da Hani ya cire tattalin arzikin ribar barasa, John Bowman da kamfanin Warren & Wetmore sun yi amfani da ƙarin nazarin farashi don sabon otal ɗin Commodore a New York (1918-1919). Sun yi niyya cewa Commodore, wanda aka gina a kan Grand Central Station, zai sami dakuna dubu biyu a ƙarancin kuɗi fiye da Biltmore. John Bowman ya rubuta a Gudanar da Otal (Afrilu 1923):

“Wannan adadi mai yawa na mutane ya haɗa da da yawa waɗanda ba a yi amfani da su don kammala hidimar sirri kamar halartar wani baƙo, kuma waɗanda ba sa son a jira su da yawa. Don haka, matakin sabis ɗinmu wanda ya yi daidai da rage farashin idan aka kwatanta da Biltmore, kuma ya dace da daidaitaccen buƙatun baƙi da buƙatun kasuwanci. Wannan babban juzu'i idan aka kwatanta da abin da ke sama yana ba da damar faɗi kusan kashi tamanin na sabis na Biltmore akan kashi sittin na farashin. "

Mujallar Hotel World ta yarda da Bowman. A cikin labarin mai suna "Hotel Commodore, Birnin New York Yanzu Ya jagoranci Bowman Chain of Caravansaries" (Fabrairu 1919), sun rubuta,

“Babu wani otal a duniya da ke bayarwa da yawa a kowane farashi. A cikin ginin ginin an kiyaye tunanin koyaushe don samar da babban otal wanda za'a iya sarrafa shi akan farashi mai rahusa… Wannan gine-ginen sun sami damar cim mawa."

A shekara ta 1919, Bowman ya saya da sayar da manyan otal biyu na New York, ya sami Otal ɗin Ansonia kuma ya karɓi aikin Murray Hill Hotel da otal ɗin Belmont. A lokacin da ya buɗe Otal ɗin Commodore, kadarorinsa na New York sun kai kusan dakunan baƙi dubu takwas kuma, a cewar wani kanun labarai a cikin New York Times (Mayu 6, 1918), “an kewaye” Grand Central Terminal. A halin yanzu, Bowman yana fadada daular otal dinsa na Biltmore a fadin Amurka da Cuba.

"Otal ɗin Biltmore" shine sunan da Bowman ya ɗauka don jerin otal ɗinsa. Sunan ya kori gidan Biltmore na dangin Vanderbilt wanda gine-gine da lambunansu keɓaɓɓun wuraren tarihi ne na Asheville, North Carolina.

● Otal ɗin Los Angeles Biltmore - a farkon shekarun 1920, Kudancin California ya sami karuwar yawan jama'a, ƙirƙirar kasuwanci da haɓakar gidaje. Bowman ya umarci Schultze da Weaver su tsara Los Angeles Biltmore. Otal ɗin daki mai hawa 11 mai hawa 1,112 ya buɗe a cikin 1923 kuma ya zama sananne a matsayin "mai masaukin bakin teku". Ya ƙunshi manyan hasumiya guda uku, Biltmore da sauri ya zama alamar Los Angeles tare da babban wurin zama na ball 650. A watan Mayu 1927, otal ɗin ya shirya liyafa na kafa liyafa don Cibiyar Nazarin Hoto na Hoto da Kimiyya. Rahotanni sun ce an zana mutum-mutumin na Oscar ne a jikin rigar a cikin otal din Crystal Ballroom. Babban falon babban benaye ne mai tsayin benaye guda uku tare da rufin ganga mai zurfin ganga, mai lullubi, rufin rufi kuma yana da fasalin matakala mai ban mamaki da aka samo daga matakin farkon karni na sha shida a cikin Cathedral na Burgos na Spain. Otal ɗin ya yi aiki azaman saitin baya don manyan hotuna na motsi sama da 50 da suka haɗa da Ghostbusters, Farfesan Nutty, Ranar Independence, Gaskiya ta Gaskiya, Dave da Beverly Hills Cop.

● Sevilla- Biltmore Hotel, Havana, Cuba - A cikin shekarun 1920, Havana ta kasance wurin hutun hunturu da aka fi so ga Amurkawa masu hali. A cikin 1919, John Bowman da Charles Francis Flynn sun sayi otal ɗin Seville mai hawa huɗu wanda masu gine-gine Arellano y Mendoza suka gina a 1908. Ranar 28 ga Janairu, 1923, New York Times ta ruwaito cewa Bowman zai gina ƙarin benaye goma tare da ƙirar Schultze da Weaver. An kafa shi a kusurwar dama zuwa Sevilla ta asali, sabon ginin ya kara da dakuna ɗari biyu da dakunan wanka, gidan cin abinci na Roof Garden mai kujeru 300 tare da ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa na fadar shugaban kasa, Ginin Capitol da Morro Castle. An buɗe otal ɗin otal ɗin Sevilla Biltmore a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1924. Bowman da Flynn sun ƙaddamar da faɗaɗa su daidai. Seville-Biltmore ya buɗe shekarar kafin a sanya Hani a Amurka.

An nuna otal ɗin a cikin littafin littafin Graham Greene, Mutumin Mu A Havana.

● Otal ɗin Atlanta Biltmore, Atlanta, Jojiya - John McEntee Bowman da Holland Ball Judkins sun haɗu tare da magajin Coca-Cola William Candler don haɓaka $ 6 miliyan Atlanta Biltmore a 1924 tare da benaye goma sha ɗaya, dakuna 600, manyan wuraren taro da kuma wani gida mai hawa goma kusa da shi. gini. Atlanta Biltmore an tsara shi ne daga kamfanin gine-ginen da Bowman ya fi so na Schultze da Weaver.

An gina Atlanta Biltmore kusa da tsakiyar gari amma an rabu da yankin kasuwanci. Otal ɗin ya buɗe tare da babban sha'awa tare da jirgin ƙasa mai haya daga birnin New York don kawo masu arziki da shahararrun baƙi zuwa Atlanta don babban buɗewa. An watsa bukin bude taron a gidajen rediyon kasar baki daya.

Atlanta Biltmore, wanda aka fi sani da babban otal na Kudu, ya shirya galas, raye-rayen shayi, ƙwallaye na buɗe ido, da karatuttuka ta ziyartar taurarin Opera na Metropolitan. Ya yi hidima irin su Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mary Pickford, Bette Davis, da Charles Lindbergh. Fiye da shekaru 30, WSB, gidan rediyo na farko na Kudu, yana watsa shirye-shiryensa a cikin otal ɗin da hasumiya ta rediyo da ke kan rufin otal wanda ya zama abin tarihi a sararin samaniyar birni. Da yake fuskantar karuwar gasa daga otal-otal na zamani na Atlanta, an sayar da shi ga jerin masu shi tun daga shekarun 1960 kuma an rufe ƙofofinsa a cikin 1982. A cikin bazara na 1999 bayan an yi gyare-gyare mai yawa, tsohon otal ɗin Biltmore ya sake buɗewa a karon farko cikin kusan shekaru 20 kuma ya ci nasara. Babban Magana a cikin Mafi kyawun Yarjejeniyar Amfani da Haɗin Kai na Shekara a cikin Tarihin Kasuwancin Atlanta.

● Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Westchester Biltmore, Rye, NY - A watan Mayu 1922, Bowman ya buɗe ƙaƙƙarfan kulob na Westchester- Biltmore Country Club a Rye, New York. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1919, an gina wani gini mai hawa takwas daga zane-zanen gine-gine na New York Warren & Wetmore. A ciki Bowman ya haɗa abin da zai zama abubuwan sa hannu na dukkan manyan otal ɗinsa; jimlar yanayin da zai haɗa da abubuwan more rayuwa fiye da na kulab ɗin ƙasa. Membobi da baƙi sun sami damar shiga wasan golf, wasan tennis, ƙwallon ƙafa, harbin tarko, da kuma yin iyo a wani bakin teku mai zaman kansa a kan Long Island Sound. Bowman, wanda ya kasance mai sha'awar wasan tseren dawaki, ya gina filin wasan polo da aka tsara don nunin dawaki da sauran abubuwan nishaɗantarwa. Walter J. Travis, babban zakaran wasan golf na Biritaniya, mai zane-zanen wasan golf, ya tsara darussan wasan golf guda 18 guda biyu. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1922, John McEntee Bowman ya buɗe ƙungiyar Westchester County tare da kusan mambobi 1,500.

● Otal ɗin Arizona Biltmore, Phoenix, Arizona – Warren McArthur Jr., ɗan uwansa Charles da John McEntee Bowman sun buɗe gidan ajiyar Arizona a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1929. Mawallafin littafin Biltmore shine Albert Chase McArthur, amma galibi ana kiransa da Frank Lloyd Wright zane. Wright da kansa ya karyata wannan sifa wanda ya rubuta a cikin Rubutun Gine-gine:

"Duk abin da na yi dangane da ginin Arizona Biltmore kusa da Phoenix, na yi wa Albert McArthur da kansa bisa ga buƙatarsa ​​kawai, kuma ba don wani ba. Albert McArthur shine maginin wannan ginin- duk ƙoƙarin da ake yi na ɗaukar wannan aikin daga gare shi abin farin ciki ne kuma baya ga ma'ana. Amma a gare shi, Phoenix ba zai sami wani abu kamar Biltmore ba, kuma ina fata za a iya ba shi damar ba wa Phoenix ƙarin kyawawan gine-gine kamar yadda na yi imani da shi gaba ɗaya zai iya yi. "

Mc Arthur yayi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ƙira na sa hannun Wright: Tsarin Tuba. A cikin 1930, McArthurs sun rasa iko da wurin shakatawa ga ɗaya daga cikin masu saka hannun jari na farko, William Wrigley, Jr. Shekaru goma bayan haka, dangin Wrigley sun sayar da otal ɗin ga dangin Talley. A cikin 1973, bayan wata babbar gobara ta lalata yawancin dukiyar, nan da nan aka sake gina ta fiye da kowane lokaci. Bayan jerin sauye-sauye na mallakar mallaka, CNL Hotels da Resorts sun sami shi a cikin 2004 kuma sun ba da kwangilar gudanarwa ga KSL Recreation, Inc. A cikin 2013, an sayar da Arizona Biltmore ga Gwamnatin Singapore Investment Corporation. Hilton yana sarrafa shi azaman memba na Waldorf=Astoria Collection.

● Otal ɗin DuPont, Wilmington, Delaware - A lokacin buɗewa a cikin 1913, Otal ɗin DuPont an tsara shi don yin hamayya da mafi kyawun otal na Turai. Sabon otal ɗin ya ƙunshi dakunan baƙi 150, babban ɗakin cin abinci, ratsan raye-raye, gidan cafe / mashaya, ɗakin ball, ɗakin kulab, ɗakin mata da ƙari.

A cikin makon farko kadai, bayan bude tallar, maziyarta 25,000 ne suka zagaya da sabon otal din, inda ba a kashe kudi ba. A cikin fitattun wuraren jama'a, masu sana'a na Faransa da Italiya kusan dozin biyu sun sassaƙa, a yi musu ado da fenti fiye da shekaru biyu da rabi. An gyara gadaje na tagulla masu gogewa da lilin da aka shigo da su, yayin da aka sanya tsefe na azurfa, goga da saitin madubi a kan teburin kayan ado. A cikin babban ɗakin cin abinci, wanda a yanzu aka sani da Green Room, ƙoƙon itacen oak mai ƙyalƙyali ya haɓaka labarai biyu da rabi daga benayen mosaic da terrazzo a ƙasa. Na'urorin hannu guda shida na hannu da kuma hoton mawaƙa sun yi biris da yawan jama'a. Bayan abincin dare, baƙi da yawa sun ji daɗin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙwararru a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Playhouse na Otal, wanda yanzu ake kira DuPont Theater. An gina shi a cikin kwanaki 150 kawai a ƙarshen 1913, matakinsa ya fi girma fiye da duka amma uku na wasan kwaikwayo na birnin New York.

A lokacin farkonsa, otal ɗin ya nuna jajircewar sa ga masu fafutuka na gida ta hanyar nuna ayyukansu. A yau, suna haskaka ɗayan manyan tarin kayan fasahar Brandywine, gami da tsararraki uku na ainihin ƙwararrun Wyeth.

A cikin 1920s Kamfanin Otal na Bowman-Biltmore ne ke kula da otal ɗin kuma ya sanya wa otal ɗin DuPont-Biltmore suna. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, otal ɗin ya kasance mai masaukin baki ga shugabanni, 'yan siyasa, Sarakuna, Sarauniya, ƴan wasa, ƴan kasuwa da mashahurai. (A ci gaba)

Marubucin, Stanley Turkel, mashahurin masani ne kuma mai ba da shawara a masana'antar otal. Yana aiki a otal dinsa, karimci da kuma aikin ba da shawara da ke ƙwarewa a cikin sarrafa kadara, duba ayyukan aiki da tasirin yarjeniyoyin mallakar otal da ayyukan bayar da tallafi. Abokan ciniki sune masu mallakar otal, masu saka jari da cibiyoyin bada lamuni. Littattafansa sun hada da: Manyan Otal din Amurkawa: Majagaba na Masana'antar Otal din (2009), An Gina Su Zuwa :arshe: Hotunan shekara 100+ a New York (2011), An Gina Su Zuwa :arshe: Hotunan shekara 100+ na Gabas na Mississippi (2013 ), Mavens na Hotel: Lucius M. Boomer, George C. Boldt da Oscar na Waldorf (2014), Great American Hoteliers Volume 2: Majagaba na Hotel Hotel (2016), da sabon littafinsa, Gina Zuwa Lastarshe: 100 + Year -Old Hotels West of the Mississippi (2017) - ana samun su a cikin hardback, paperback, da Ebook format - wanda Ian Schrager ya rubuta a cikin jumla: “Wannan littafin na musamman ya kammala tarihin tarihin otal 182 na kyawawan ɗakuna 50 ko fiye… Ina jin da gaske cewa kowane makarantar otal ya kamata ya mallaki waɗannan littattafan kuma ya sanya su bukatar karatu ga ɗalibai da ma'aikatansu. ”

Duk littattafan marubucin na iya yin oda daga Gidan Gida ta danna nan.