Tarihin otal: Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter

Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter ta kasance bajamjiya 'yar asalin Amurka mai zane-zane da zane-zane a ciki wanda ilimin ilimin gine-ginen ya kasance cikin al'adu da yanayin kudu maso yamma. A matsayinta na masanin tarihin gine-gine na Kamfanin Fred Harvey, ta tsara otal-otal, gidajen cin abinci, shagunan kyauta da wuraren hutawa tare da manyan hanyoyin Atchison, Topeka da Sante Fe Railway daga 1902 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1948. Duk da haka kaɗan daga cikin kusan mutane miliyan biyar. waɗanda ke ziyartar Grand Canyon National Park kowace shekara suna sane da Mary Colter da abubuwan da ta cim ma. Ba abin mamaki ba ne da ake ce mata “mashahurin mai ilimin gine-ginen da ba a san su ba a wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa.”

An haife ta a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1869 a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, ta kasance 'yar baƙi' yan asalin Irish William Colter, mai fatauci, da kuma Rebecca Crozier, wani mai niƙa. Ta ɗan sami ɗan kwanciyar hankali lokacin da take ƙaura tare da iyalinta daga Pennsylvania zuwa Texas da kuma Colorado kafin daga bisani ta sauka a Saint Paul, Minnesota tana da shekara goma sha ɗaya. A 1880, Saint Paul yana da yawan mutane 40,000 da kuma tsirarun Indiyawan Sioux, waɗanda suka tsira daga Yaƙin Dakota na 1862 wanda ya tilasta mutane da yawa barin sabuwar jihar.

Mary Colter ta kammala karatun sakandare tana da shekaru 14 kuma bayan mahaifinta ya mutu sai ta halarci Makarantar Kwalejin Kwaleji ta California (yanzu San Francisco Art Institute) har zuwa 1891 inda ta yi karatun zane da zane. Theungiyar Franciscoungiyar San Francisco ta ƙaddara a cikin 1874, Makarantar Makaranta ta California, ɗayan ɗayan makarantun fasaha na farko a Yammaci, ta ba ɗalibanta cikakken ilimin fasaha. Shekaru goma sha biyar Colter ya koyar da zane a Makarantar Fasaha ta Makarantar Fasaha kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fadada Jami'ar ta Minnesota. Kwamishininta na farko ya zo lokacin da ta sadu da Minnie Harvey Huckel, ɗiyar wanda ya kafa Kamfanin Fred Harvey.

A cikin 1902, Colter ya fara aiki da Kamfanin Fred Harvey a matsayin mai tsara ƙirar ciki da ƙirar gine-gine. Aikinta na farko shine ƙirƙirar ƙirar ciki don sabon aikin Kamfanin Harvey: Ginin Indiya kusa da Harvey's Hotel Alvarado a Albuquerque, New Mexico. Alvarado an tsara shi ne ta hanyar mai tsara Charles Frederick Whittlesey (1867-1941) wanda ya koyar a ofishin Chicago na Louis Sullivan. A cikin 1900, yana da shekara talatin da uku, an nada Whittlesey a matsayin Babban Mai Ginin Atchison, Topeka da Santa Fe Railway. Ya tsara El Tovar Hotel a gefen kudu na Grand Canyon a Arizona da Alvarado Hotel a Albuquerque tare da ɗakunan baƙi tamanin da takwas, ɗakunan ajiya, wurin aski, ɗakin karatu da gidan abinci.

Tsarin Mary Colter na Ginin Indiya kusa da shi ya taimaka wajen ƙaddamar da ɗaukar nauyi na dogon lokaci na Kamfanin Harvey na zane-zanen Indiya da kere-kere. Da Jaridar Albuquerque Democrat ya bayar da rahoto a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1902 cewa otal din Alvarado "an buɗe shi cikin fashewar magana, yawo da jan kati da kuma hasken fitilu masu banƙyama tare da fatan cewa zai jawo hankalin masu arziki su tsaya a Albuquerque kan tafiye-tafiyensu zuwa Yamma . ”

Fred Harvey ya kawo wayewa, al'umma da masana'antu zuwa Wild West. Kasuwancinsa daga ƙarshe ya haɗa da gidajen abinci, otal-otal, wuraren sayar da labarai da motocin cin abinci a Sante Fe Railroad. Hadin gwiwar tare da Atchison, Topeka da Sante Fe sun gabatar da sabbin yawon bude ido da dama zuwa yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka ta hanyar yin zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa cikin nishadi da kuma jan hankali. Yin amfani da yawa daga masu zane-zanen Ba'amurke-Ba'amurke, Kamfanin Fred Harvey ya kuma tattara misalai na asali na kwanduna, kayan kwalliya, 'yan tsana da Kachina da kyawawan kayan tarihi, kayan hannu da kayan daki na Ofishin Jakadancin.

Ginin Indiyawan Mary Colter ya ƙunshi aiki da kuma nuna ɗakuna tare da masu yin kwandon Indiya, maƙerin azurfa, maginin tukwane da masaku a wurin aiki. Ta ƙaddamar da ɗaukar nauyi na dogon lokaci na Kamfanin Harvey na zane-zane da kere-kere na Indiya. Mary Colter ta tsara sabon falo na shaye-shaye a cikin 1940 a cikin Alvarado kuma ta sanya masa suna La Cocina Cantina don ɗaukar zanen girkin Spain na farko.

Daga 1902 zuwa 1948, Mary Colter ta kasance a matsayin mai ƙirar zane na farko na Kamfanin Fred Harvey, inda ta kammala zane-zane na otal-otal ashirin da ɗaya, gidajen cin abinci, wuraren shakatawa, shagunan curio, wuraren shakatawa da wuraren hutu tare da manyan hanyoyin Atchison, Topeka da Sante Fe Railway . Ta kama soyayya da sirrin Amurka ta Kudu maso Yamma da istican asalin Amurka na al'adun fasaha. Wasu sifofin halayyar kayayyaki sun kasance ƙananan tagogi waɗanda ke ba da damar raƙuman haske don faɗakar da ganuwar jan sandstone; ƙananan rufi na tsire-tsire da tsire-tsire suna hutawa a kan katako na pee; wani hacienda wanda ke kewaye da farfajiyar kusanci; wani dutsin dutse, wanda aka gina a cikin ƙasa kamar wani ɓangare na ƙirar dutsen halitta. Waɗannan bayanan sun tsara wahayin Amurkawa na Kudu maso Yamma don tsararraki masu zuwa.

Dukkanin ayyukan guda ashirin da daya na Colter sun nuna matukar fahimtarta da sadaukarwa ga yanayin dabi'a da al'adun da tayi aiki. Ta hanyar zane-zanenta na ciki, Colter ya nuna rashin girmamawa a cikin abubuwan da ta kirkira, yana ba da kwatancen wayo na fasaha da fasahar kere kere.

A halin yanzu, a cikin ayyukan da ta kira "sake-halittu," kamar su Hopi House (1905) da Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Desert (1933) a Grand Canyon National Park, kusan koyaushe tana bin fasalin gine-ginen abubuwan da aka samo asali.

Yin amfani da magina Nan Asalin Amurkawa na asali, suna buƙatar amfani da kayan gida lokacin da zai yiwu, da kuma halartar bayanan tarihi na mintuna da aka samo ta hanyar balaguro na bincike zuwa ɓarna na tarihin Indiya daban-daban, Colter ya yi ƙoƙari don tabbatar da salo ba tare da yunƙurin yin ba, kamar yadda ta ce, “kwafi, ”Ko“ kwafin abu. ”

A cikin karamin gine-ginen yawon bude ido a Grand Canyon, Colter ya gabatar da wasu sabbin kayayyaki, ciki har da na Hermit's Rest da Lookout Studio (duka shekara ta 1914), wuraren da baƙi na Canyon zasu dakatar da nufin “ɓoye a ƙarƙashin bakin,” a cewar zuwa Colter.

A cikin Studio Studio, ta kirkiri tsari guda daya, a kwance na dutsen dutsen Kaibab wanda yayi kama da fasasshen dutsen da ke ƙasa, yana tabbatar da ra'ayoyi mara kangewa daga wasu maganganu ta hanyar zane-zane wanda ya ba da damar wasan kwaikwayo na Grand Canyon don wadatar masu yawon bude ido 'abubuwan.

Sauran ayyukan Harvey sun nisantar da Colter daga Grand Canyon, yana ba ta dama ta tsara otal-otal otal-otal a kan layin Railway na Sante Fe, ta inda hangen gine-ginenta zai iya bayyana a wani babban mizani. Game da Otal din El Navajo da ke Gallup, New Mexico (1923), ta rubuta cewa, “A koyaushe ina da muradin aiwatar da ainihin ra’ayin Indiya, don shirya otal otal din Indiya sosai ba tare da wani abu na zamani ba,” mai yiwuwa tana nufin ersatz 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amurkan na gama gari ga yawancin otal-otal masu ƙasƙanci da suka taso a Kudu maso Yamma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. Dukansu El Navajo a Gallup, New Mexico da La Posada a Winslow, Arizona, sun nuna haɗin Colter tare da al'amuran ƙirar yanki kuma sun bayyana asalin da ƙwarewar ayyukanta na baya.

Colter ya yi ritaya zuwa Santa Fe a 1948 kuma ya mutu a can a 1958. Frank Waters, babban masanin tarihi kuma masanin Nan Amurkawa na Kudu maso Yamma, a cikin littafinsa Masked Alloli: Navaho da Pueblo Ceremonialism (1950), ya tuna da Mary Jane Colter:

“Shekaru da yawa, wata mata da ba a fahimta a cikin wando, ta hau dawakai ta cikin kusurwa huɗu tana yin zane-zane na kango, tana nazarin cikakkun bayanai game da gini, da abubuwan duniya da wanki. Tana iya koyawa magina yadda ake saka bulo na ado da filastar yadda ake hada wanka. ”

Kodayake takwarorinta sukan kira ta da “mai kawata,” amma ayyukan ta, wanda hudu daga ciki - Hopi House, Hermit's Rest, Lookout Studio, da kuma Desert View Hasumiyar Tsaro - an sanya su wuraren tarihi na Tarihi na Kasa, suna ba da shawarar cewa “mai zanen gini” zai zama mafi daidai kuma bayanin da zai dawwama.

A farkon 2018, littafi mai suna Ararƙwarar Thearya: The Mary Colter Hoax by Fred Shaw ya bayyana cewa ba a taba horar da Colter ko kuma a bashi shaidar aikin gini ba. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa ta karɓi daraja don ƙirar da wasu suka ƙirƙira.

Dangane da wannan tursasawar tursasawa, Allan Affeldt, mamallaki kuma mai gudanar da otal din La Posado, Winslow, Arizona ya rubuta a watan Satumba na 2018: “Dukanmu a cikin duniyar Harvey muna cikin damuwa game da littafin. Shaw a bayyane yake mai rikitarwa ne. " Affeldt ya kara da cewa:

“Abubuwan da Colter ya yi wa Curtis da sauransu na da ban tsoro, kuma a bayyane ya rage wa mutane da yawa ciki har da dangin Harvey tare da ilimin Colter da gine-ginen kai tsaye. Gabaɗaya mun yanke shawara mafi kyau mu yi watsi da waɗannan maganganun da aka buga da kansu kuma kada mu ba Shaw wani dandali na ƙiyayyarsa. ”

Kada Ku Rasa Sabon fim din “Green Book”

Tarihin otel dina mai lamba 192, “The Negro Motorist Green Book”, an buga shi a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2018. Ya ba da labarin jerin jagorori masu kama da AAA ga matafiya baki da aka buga daga 1936 zuwa 1966. Ya jera otal-otal, motel, ofisoshin sabis, gidajen kwana, gidajen cin abinci, kyawawan shaguna da shagunan aski waɗanda suka kasance abokantaka da Baƙin Amurkawa. Yanzu sabon fim din da aka fitar "Green Book" yana ba da labarin Don Shirley, Ba-Jamaica-Ba-Amurken da ya horar da fiyano da kuma direban jirgin farar sa, Frank "Tony Lip" Vallelonga wanda ya shiga yawon shakatawa a shekarar 1962 ta hanyar Bankin Deep South. Duk da taken fim ɗin, akwai 'yan kaɗan nassoshi ga ainihin jagorar jagorar littafin Green Book. Amma fim ɗin yana da kyau kuma ya cancanci a gani.

Marubucin, Stanley Turkel, mashahurin masani ne kuma mai ba da shawara a masana'antar otal. Yana aiki a otal dinsa, karimci da kuma aikin ba da shawara da ke ƙwarewa a cikin sarrafa kadara, duba ayyukan aiki da tasirin yarjeniyoyin mallakar otal da ayyukan bayar da tallafi na shari'a. Abokan ciniki sune masu mallakar otal, masu saka jari da cibiyoyin bada lamuni.

Sabon littafin nasa ya wallafa daga AuthorHouse: “Hotel Mavens Juzu’i na 2: Henry Morrison Flagler, Henry Bradley Plant, Carl Graham Fisher.”

Sauran Littattafan da Aka Buga:

• Manyan Baƙin Amurkawa: Majagaba na Masana'antar Otal (2009)
  • Gina Zuwa Lastarshe: Hotels na Tsohuwar shekara 100+ a New York (2011)
  • Gina Zuwa Lastarshe: Hotels na Tsohuwar shekara 100+ Gabas na Mississippi (2013)
  • Hotel Mavens: Lucius M. Boomer, George C. Boldt da Oscar na Waldorf (2014)
  • Manyan Otal-otal na Amurka Volume 2: Majagaba na Masana'antar Otal (2016)
  • Gina Zuwa Lastarshe: Hotunan Tsohuwar Shekaru 100+ Yammacin Mississippi (2017)

Duk waɗannan littattafan ana iya yin odarsu daga AuthorHouse, ta ziyartar stanleyturkel.com kuma ta hanyar latsa taken littafin.