Sabuwar rahoton haɗarin CDC akan COVID Shot na uku

CDC ta ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa kan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa
CDC ta ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa
Avatar na Juergen T Steinmetz

Harbi na uku. Menene illa ga aikin kiwon lafiyar jama'a?
Dangane da wannan rahoton CDC a yau abubuwan da ke haifar da lafiyar jama'a o v-lafiya ba a sami alamun halayen da ba zato ba tsammani bayan ƙarin adadin maganin COVID-19.
CDC ta yi alƙawarin za ta ci gaba da sa ido kan amincin rigakafin, gami da ƙarin allurai na COVID-19.

  • Nazarin CDC akan Sa ido kan Tsaro na Ƙarin Kashi na COVID-19
  • Abin da aka riga aka sani game da thya kara harbi?
  • Daga cikin mahalarta gwaji na asibiti na 306 Pfizer-BioNTech, mummunan halayen bayan kashi 3 sun yi kama da waɗanda bayan kashi 2.

Me ya kara da wannan rahoto akan harbi lamba 3 da CDC ta fitar yau?

A tsakanin 12 ga Agusta zuwa 19 ga Satumba, 2021, tsakanin masu rajista 12,591 v-aminci waɗanda suka kammala binciken duba lafiyarsu bayan duk allurai 3 na rigakafin mRNA COVID-19, 79.4% da 74.1% sun ba da rahoton halayen gida ko na tsari, bi da bi, bayan kashi na uku; 77.6% da 76.5% sun ba da rahoton halayen gida ko na tsarin bayan kashi na biyu, bi da bi.

Menene abubuwan da ke faruwa ga aikin kiwon lafiyar jama'a?

Rahoton na sa-kai ga v-safe ba a sami wasu alamu na rashin hankali ba bayan ƙarin kashi na rigakafin COVID-19. CDC za ta ci gaba da sa ido kan amincin rigakafin, gami da ƙarin allurai na COVID-19.

A ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2021, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna (FDA) ta gyara Izinin Amfani da Gaggawa (EUAs) don rigakafin Pfizer-BioNTech da Moderna COVID-19 don ba da izinin sarrafa ƙarin kashi bayan kammala jerin allurar rigakafin farko ga mutanen da suka cancanta. matsakaita zuwa matsananci yanayi na rigakafi (1,2). A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2021, FDA ta ba da izinin ƙarin kashi na maganin Pfizer-BioNTech ≥6 watanni bayan kammala jerin farko tsakanin mutanen da suka kai shekaru ≥65, cikin babban haɗari ga COVID-19 mai tsanani, ko kuma wanda bayyanar sana'a ko na hukuma ke sanya su babban haɗari ga COVID-19 (1). Sakamako daga gwaji na asibiti na kashi 3 wanda Pfizer-BioNTech ya gudanar wanda ya haɗa da mutane 306 masu shekaru 18-55 sun nuna cewa munanan halayen bayan an karɓi kashi na uku da aka gudanar watanni 5-8 bayan kammala jerin allurar rigakafin mRNA na farko na kashi 2 sun yi kama da wadanda aka ruwaito bayan karbar kashi 2; waɗannan munanan halayen sun haɗa da wurin allura mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici da halayen tsarin (3). CDC ta haɓaka v-lafiya, tsarin sa kai, tsarin kula da aminci na tushen wayar hannu, don samar da bayanai game da mummunan halayen bayan rigakafin COVID-19.

Daidai da izini na ƙarin kashi ga mutanen da ke da yanayin rigakafi, an sabunta dandalin v-lafiya don bawa masu rajista damar shigar da bayanai game da ƙarin allurai na rigakafin COVID-19 da aka karɓa. A cikin watan Agusta 12-Satumba 19, 2021, jimlar 22,191 v-amintattu masu rijista sun ba da rahoton samun ƙarin kashi na rigakafin COVID-19. Yawancin (97.6%) sun ba da rahoton jerin allurar rigakafin mRNA guda biyu na farko da kashi na uku na rigakafin iri ɗaya ya biyo baya. Daga cikin wadanda suka kammala binciken duba lafiyar lafiya ga duk allurai 2 (3; 12,591%), 58.1% da 79.4% sun ba da rahoton halayen gida ko na tsari, bi da bi, bayan kashi 74.1, idan aka kwatanta da 3% da 77.6% waɗanda suka ba da rahoton gida ko tsarin. halayen, bi da bi, bayan kashi na 76.5. Waɗannan binciken farko sun nuna babu wani yanayin da ba a zata ba na mummunan halayen bayan ƙarin kashi na rigakafin COVID-2; Yawancin waɗannan halayen marasa kyau sun kasance masu laushi ko matsakaici. CDC za ta ci gaba da sanya ido kan amincin rigakafin, gami da amincin ƙarin allurai na rigakafin COVID-19, da samar da bayanai don jagorantar shawarwarin rigakafin da kare lafiyar jama'a.

V-lafiya tsarin sa kai ne, tsarin kula da amincin Amurka na tushen wayar hannu; Mutanen da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi da suka cancanci karɓar izini ko samfurin rigakafin na iya yin rajista a cikin v-lafiya. Dandalin v-lafiya yana bawa masu rajista da ke da su ba da rahoton karɓar ƙarin kashi na rigakafin COVID-19 da sabbin masu rajista don shigar da bayanai game da duk allurai na rigakafin COVID-19 da aka karɓa. Ana aika binciken binciken lafiya na V-amintacce a cikin kwanaki 0-7 bayan kowane kashi na rigakafin kuma ya haɗa da tambayoyi game da wurin allurar gida da halayen tsarin da tasirin lafiya. Membobin ma'aikata daga Tsarin Bayar da Rahoton Alurar rigakafi (VAERS) suna tuntuɓar masu rajista waɗanda suka nuna cewa an nemi kulawar likita bayan allurar da ƙarfafa ko sauƙaƙe kammala rahoton VAERS, idan an nuna.§

Daga cikin masu rajista masu aminci waɗanda suka ba da rahoton samun ƙarin adadin rigakafin COVID-19 a tsakanin Agusta 12-19 ga Satumba, 2021, bayanan alƙaluma, halayen gida da na tsari, da tasirin lafiyar da aka ruwaito a cikin kwanaki 0-7 an kwatanta su ta tsarin rigakafin (watau , mai yin allurar rigakafin da aka karɓa don kowane kashi). Mutanen da suka ba da rahoton karɓar jerin firamare daga masana'antun daban-daban ko masana'anta waɗanda ba a sani ba ko babu su a cikin Amurka, ko allurai 2 na alluran rigakafi bayan sun karɓi maganin rigakafi guda ɗaya na Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) (150) an cire su daga binciken. na mummunan halayen bayan karɓar ƙarin kashi.

Lokaci ya wuce daga kammala jerin allurar farko zuwa karɓar ƙarin kashi an kwatanta shi ta tsarin rigakafin. Bayanan bayanan abubuwan da suka faru bayan allurai na 2 da 3 an kwatanta su don masu rajista waɗanda suka karɓi rigakafin mRNA daga masana'anta iri ɗaya don duk allurai 3. An yi amfani da software na SAS (sigar 9.4; Cibiyar SAS) don gudanar da duk bincike. CDC ce ta sake duba waɗannan ayyukan sa ido kuma an gudanar da su daidai da dokar tarayya da ta dace da manufofin CDC.**

A lokacin Agusta 12-Satumba 19, 2021, jimlar 22,191 v-amintattu masu rajista sun ba da rahoton samun ƙarin adadin maganin COVID-19 bayan kammala jerin farko (Table 1). Daga cikin waɗannan, 14,048 (63.3%) mata ne, kuma kusan 30% kowannensu yana da shekaru 18-49, 50-64, da 65-74 shekaru.

Yawancin masu rajista (21,662; 97.6%) sun ba da rahoton cewa sun karɓi kashi na uku daga masana'anta iri ɗaya kamar jerin allurar rigakafin mRNA na farko, gami da 98.6% na masu karɓar Moderna da 98.2% na masu karɓar Pfizer-BioNTech. Masu rajista kaɗan (341; 1.5%) sun ba da rahoton jerin allurar rigakafin mRNA na farko wanda ya biyo bayan ƙarin kashi na rigakafin mRNA daga masana'anta daban-daban, adadin rigakafin Janssen bayan karɓar jerin rigakafin mRNA na farko (10; 0.05%), ko ƙari. kashi na rigakafin COVID-19 daga kowane masana'anta bayan rigakafin Janssen (178; 0.8%).

Daga cikin masu yin rajista na 22,191 v-aminci, tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin daga kammala jerin rigakafin COVID-19 na farko zuwa karɓar ƙarin kashi shine kwanaki 182 (kewayon tsaka-tsaki [IQR] = kwanaki 160-202) (Table 2). Daga cikin waɗanda suka karɓi 2 allurai na rigakafin Janssen, tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsakanin allurai ya fi guntu (kwanaki 84; IQR = 16-136 kwanaki).

Na gida (16,615; 74.9%) da tsarin (15,503; 69.9%) an ba da rahoton halayen su akai-akai a cikin mako bayan ƙarin kashi na rigakafin COVID-19, galibi a ranar bayan alurar riga kafi. Abubuwan da aka ruwaito akai-akai sune ciwon wurin allura (15,761; 71.0%), gajiya (12,429; 56.0%), da ciwon kai (9,636; 43.4%).

Daga cikin ƙarin masu karɓar kashi 22,191, jimlar 7,067 (31.8%) sun ba da rahoton tasirin kiwon lafiya, kuma kusan 28.3% (6,287) sun ba da rahoton cewa ba za su iya yin ayyukan yau da kullun na yau da kullun ba, galibi a ranar da aka yi alurar riga kafi. Masu rajista 401 (1.8%) ne suka nemi kulawar lafiya, kuma goma sha uku (0.1%) an kwantar da su a asibiti. Ba a gano dalilan samun kulawar likita ko asibiti ba a cikin binciken v-lafiya; duk da haka, masu rajista waɗanda suka nuna cewa an nemi kulawar likita bayan rigakafin ana tuntuɓar ma'aikatan VAERS kuma suna ƙarfafa su kammala rahoton VAERS.

Daga cikin masu rijista 21,658 v-aminci waɗanda suka karɓi rigakafin mRNA iri ɗaya don duk allurai 3, 12,591 (58.1%) sun kammala aƙalla binciken duba lafiyar lafiya a cikin kwanaki 0-7 bayan duk allurai 3; 79.4% da 74.1% sun ba da rahoton halayen gida ko tsarin tsarin, bi da bi, bayan kashi 3, idan aka kwatanta da 77.6% da 76.5% waɗanda suka ba da rahoton halayen gida ko tsarin, bi da bi, bayan kashi 2. Daga cikin masu rajista waɗanda suka karɓi 3 allurai na Moderna (6,283), gida An ba da rahoton halayen halayen akai-akai bayan kashi 3 fiye da kashi 2 (5,323; 84.7% da 5,249; 83.5%; p-darajar = 0.03) (Figure). An ba da rahoton halayen tsarin da yawa akai-akai bayan kashi 3 fiye da kashi 2 (4,963; 79.0% da 5,105; 81.3%; p-darajar <0.001).

Daga cikin masu rajista waɗanda suka karɓi nau'ikan 3 na Pfizer-BioNTech (6,308), an ba da rahoton halayen gida akai-akai bayan kashi 3 fiye da kashi 2 (4,674; 74.1% da 4,523; 71.7%; p-darajar <0.001). An ba da rahoton halayen tsarin ƙasa akai-akai bayan kashi 3 fiye da kashi 2 (4,363; 69.2% da 4,524; 71.7%; p-darajar <0.001). Daga cikin waɗanda suka ba da rahoton jin zafi bayan kashi 3 na rigakafin mRNA, yawancin halayen sun kasance masu laushi (4,909; 51.4%) ko matsakaici (4,000; 41.9%); ciwo mai tsanani (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin ciwo wanda ke sa ayyukan yau da kullum da wahala ko ba zai yiwu ba) an ruwaito ta 637 (6.7%).

tattaunawa

Ya zuwa Satumba 19, 2021, kusan mutane miliyan 2.21 a Amurka sun sami ƙarin alluran rigakafin COVID-19†† bayan kammala primary series. Daga 12 ga Agusta zuwa 19 ga Satumba, 2021, ba a sami alamun halayen da ba zato ba tsammani a tsakanin masu rijista 22,191 v-aminci waɗanda suka sami ƙarin kashi na rigakafin COVID-19. Yawancin halayen gida da na tsarin da aka ruwaito sun kasance masu sauƙi zuwa matsakaita, na wucin gadi, kuma galibi ana ba da rahoton kwana ɗaya bayan rigakafin. Yawancin masu rijista waɗanda suka karɓi ƙarin kashi sun ba da rahoton jerin allurar rigakafin mRNA na farko wanda ke biye da kashi na uku daga masana'anta iri ɗaya.

Gwajin asibiti na Pfizer-BioNTech, wanda ya haɗa da mutane 306 masu shekaru 18-55 shekaru, ya nuna cewa halayen bayan kashi 3 sun yi daidai da waɗanda aka ruwaito bayan kashi 2 (3). Koyaya, wannan bincike na bayanan v-aminci ya gano halayen gida sun ɗan fi na kowa kuma halayen tsarin ba su da yawa bayan kashi 3 na Pfizer-BioNTech.

Hanyoyin halayen halayen da aka gani bayan kashi 3 na maganin Moderna ko Pfizer-BioNTech sun yi daidai da halayen da aka kwatanta a baya bayan karbar kashi 2.

Adadin masu rajista waɗanda suka nuna cewa sun karɓi allurai 2 na rigakafin Janssen ko kuma sun karɓi ƙarin adadinsu daga masana'anta daban-daban da na jerin su na farko kaɗan ne, suna iyakance kowane yanke shawara.

Bayanai kan aminci ko ingancin allurar rigakafi tare da samfuran rigakafin COVID-19 daga masana'antun daban-daban sun iyakance; Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari kan Ayyukan rigakafi (ACIP) ya ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin rigakafi su karɓi kashi na uku na rigakafin mRNA COVID-19 daga masana'anta iri ɗaya kamar jerin farkon su.

Shawarwari na CDC don ƙarin kashi ba a halin yanzu sun haɗa da mutanen da suka karɓi rigakafin Janssen.

A cikin tsawon lokacin da wannan binciken ya rufe, shawarwarin ACIP don ƙarin kashi na rigakafin COVID-19 sun iyakance ga mutanen da ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin rigakafi waɗanda suka karɓa.

2 allurai na rigakafin mRNA.

Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin marasa lafiya na hemodialysis na rigakafi ya ba da rahoton cewa halayen gida da na tsari bayan kashi 3 na allurar Pfizer-BioNTech sun yi kama da na bayan kashi 2.. Rahotanni na kwanan nan na kamuwa da cuta a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi da karuwa a yawan kamuwa da cuta tare da bambancin B.1.617.2 (Delta) na SARS-CoV-2, kwayar cutar da ke haifar da COVID-19, tsakanin mutanen da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi na iya sa wasu mutane neman ƙarin kashi a waje da shawarwari. Tsakanin tsaka-tsakin daga kammala jerin farko zuwa karɓar ƙarin kashi shine kusan watanni 6; don haka, mutanen da aka ba da fifiko yayin fitar da allurar COVID-19, gami da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da tsofaffi, ƙila sun sami ƙarin kashi.

Abubuwan da aka samo a cikin wannan rahoton sun kasance ƙarƙashin iyakance aƙalla guda huɗu. Na farko, shiga cikin v-lafiya na son rai ne kuma mai yiwuwa ba wakiltar al'ummar Amurka da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi ba; Yawancin mahalarta sun bayyana kansu a matsayin Farar fata da wadanda ba Hispanic ba. Na biyu, a lokacin wannan lokacin binciken, ƙarin shawarwarin kashi sun iyakance ga mutanen da ke da yanayin hana rigakafi waɗanda suka kammala jerin rigakafin mRNA COVID-19 na farko; duk da haka, v-safe bai ƙunshi bayani game da matsayin rigakafi ba.

Mai yiwuwa ƙarin adadin masu karɓa sun haɗa da mutane masu kuma ba tare da yanayin hana rigakafi ba. Na uku, dangantakar da ke da alaƙa tsakanin maganin alurar riga kafi da mummunan lamari na asibiti da aka ruwaito bayan rigakafin ba za a iya kafa ta ta amfani da bayanan v-aminci ba. A ƙarshe, rashin isassun bayanai ba a samu don tantance yanayin halayen da ba su dace ba bayan karɓar ƙarin kashi daga masana'anta daban-daban da jerin farko ko na rigakafin Janssen.

Ana ba da shawarar ƙarin kashi na rigakafin mRNA COVID-19 ga mutanen da ke da tsaka-tsaki zuwa matsananciyar yanayi na rigakafi (5).

CDC ta ba da shawarar ƙarin kashi na rigakafin Pfizer-BioNTech ≥6 watanni bayan kammala jerin allurar rigakafin farko a tsakanin mutane masu shekaru ≥65, mazauna a cikin saitunan kulawa na dogon lokaci, da mutanen da ke da shekaru 50-64 tare da yanayin rashin lafiya; Mutanen da ke da shekaru 18-49 tare da yanayin rashin lafiya da kuma mutanen da ke da shekaru 18-64 a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 da watsawa saboda yanayin aiki ko na hukuma na iya samun ƙarin kashi dangane da fa'idodinsu da haɗarinsu.

Nazari na farko na bayanan aminci daga> 22,000 v-masu rijista masu aminci sun nuna cewa halayen gida sun ƙaru kaɗan kuma halayen tsarin sun ɗan ragu kaɗan bayan kashi 3 na mRNA fiye da bayan kashi 2.

Ba a gano sifofin halayen da ba zato ba tsammani; wadanda aka ruwaito sun kasance masu saukin kai zuwa matsakaita kuma na wucin gadi. CDC za ta ci gaba da sa ido kan amincin ƙarin allurai na rigakafin COVID-19. Ƙarin bayanai game da mummunan halayen da ke hade da haɗuwa daban-daban na alluran rigakafi da kuma lokaci tun lokacin da aka kammala jerin farko zai zama mahimmanci don jagorantar shawarwarin lafiyar jama'a.

halayyarModerna, % (n = 10,601)Pfizer-BioNTech, % (n = 11,412)Janssen, %, § (n = 178)Jimlar
(N = 22,191)
Kashi na 3 Moderna
(n = 10,453; 98.6%)
Kashi 3 Pfizer-BioNTech
(n = 144; 1.4%)
Dose 3 Janssen
(n = 4; 0.04%)
Kashi 3 Pfizer-BioNTech
(n = 11,209; 98.2%)
Kashi na 3 Moderna
(n = 197; 1.7%)
Dose 3 Janssen
(n = 6; 0.1%)
Dose 2 Janssen
(n = 48; 27.0%)
Kashi na 2 Moderna
(n = 64; 36.0%)
Kashi 2 Pfizer-BioNTech
(n = 66; 37.1%)
Sex
Mace63.863.950.063.063.533.339.657.859.163.3
Namiji35.134.050.036.136.066.760.442.240.935.7
unknown1.02.100.90.500001.0
Ƙungiyar shekaru, shekaru
0-170.00.70.00.60.00.00.00.00.00.3
18-4925.736.125.031.542.650.054.260.957.629.1
50-6428.427.150.031.129.90.033.334.330.329.8
65-7433.927.10.027.821.350.010.44.79.130.5
75-8410.99.025.08.35.60.02.10.03.09.5
≥851.10.00.00.70.50.00.00.00.00.9
kabilanci
Hispanic / Latino8.015.308.25.6025.06.310.68.2
Wanda ba Hispanic/Latino ba87.781.910087.690.910054.289.189.487.6
unknown4.32.804.23.6020.84.704.2
race
AI/AN0.50.700.50.502.1000.5
Asian4.95.606.17.102.114.113.65.6
Black5.63.506.21.516.76.36.39.15.9
NHPI0.2000.30.504.2000.3
White82.682.610080.485.866.756.371.969.781.4
Yawancin jama'a1.92.101.81.516.74.24.73.01.9
Other2.14.202.10.506.31.63.02.1
unknown2.31.402.52.5018.81.61.52.4

Abbreviations: AI/AN = Indiyawan Ba'amurke/Alaska; NHPI = 'Yan Asalin Hawai ko wani Baturen Tsibirin Pacific.
* Kashi na masu rajista waɗanda suka kammala aƙalla binciken duba lafiyar lafiya v-safe ɗaya a ranakun 0-7 bayan alurar riga kafi.
 Jerin rigakafin farko.
§ Ya haɗa da mutanen da suka karɓi kashi ɗaya na Janssen na farko da ƙarin kashi 1 na rigakafin daga masana'antun da aka jera.

ReactionModerna, % (n = 10,477)Pfizer-BioNTech, % (n = 11,284)Janssen, %, § (n = 174)Jimlar
(N = 22,191)
Kashi na 3 Moderna
(n = 10,453; 98.6%)
Kashi 3 Pfizer-BioNTech
(n = 144; 1.4%)
Dose 3 Janssen
(n = 4; 0.04%)
Kashi 3 Pfizer-BioNTech
(n = 11,209; 98.2%)
Kashi na 3 Moderna
(n = 197; 1.7%)
Dose 3 Janssen
(n = 6; 0.1%)
Dose 2 Janssen
(n = 48; 27.0%)
Kashi na 2 Moderna
(n = 64; 36.0%)
Kashi 2 Pfizer-BioNTech
(n = 66; 37.1%)
Kwanaki tun daga jerin firamare, matsakaici (IQR)182 (164 - 198)183 (161 - 204)173 (141 - 182)183 (157 - 209)186 (161 - 217)123 (113 - 182)84 (16 - 136)156 (140 - 164)150 (136 - 167)182 (160 - 202)
Duk wani maganin wurin allura80.964.675.069.481.783.325.070.380.374.9
Itching20.011.808.410.216.710.46.37.613.9
Pain75.960.475.066.680.283.320.868.874.271.0
redness25.28.309.820.816.76.37.812.117.1
kumburi33.617.4016.830.516.76.312.518.224.8
Duk wani tsarin dauki75.259.750.065.176.110031.368.863.669.9
Abun ciki na ciki8.43.506.48.116.74.23.16.17.3
Myalgia49.829.2036.349.250.020.845.333.342.7
Hannu31.38.350.017.533.550.08.323.410.624.1
zawo9.97.609.09.616.78.36.39.19.4
gajiya61.844.4051.060.983.314.648.450.056.0
Fever36.420.150.022.237.150.06.337.512.129.0
ciwon kai49.031.1038.449.783.318.835.940.943.4
hadin gwiwa zafi33.018.8023.031.033.316.720.319.727.7
Tashin zuciya18.810.425.013.621.333.38.39.418.216.1
Rash2.30.701.92.504.21.61.52.1
Vomiting2.22.125.01.42.002.1001.7
Duk wani tasiri na lafiya39.219.4025.239.133.316.728.124.231.8
Rashin iya yin ayyukan yau da kullun na yau da kullun35.218.1022.133.033.310.425.015.228.3
Rashin iya aiki ko halartar makaranta13.74.909.021.316.710.46.313.611.3
Bukatar kulawar likita2.11.401.53.006.3001.8
Telehealth0.90.700.71.002.1000.8
Asibiti0.70.700.60.504.2000.6
Ziyarar gaggawa0.2000.2004.2000.2
arin0.05000.1000000.1
FASAHAMummunan halayen da tasirin kiwon lafiya da mutanen da suka karɓi allurai 3* na Moderna (N = 6,283) ko Pfizer-BioNTech (N = 6,308) rigakafin COVID-19 suka bayar da rahoton kuma sun kammala aƙalla binciken duba lafiyar lafiya v-lafiya ɗaya a ranakun 0- 7 bayan kowace kashi, ta lambar kashi - Amurka, Agusta 12-Satumba 19, 2021
Hoto wani ginshiƙi ne wanda ke nuna mummunan halayen da tasirin kiwon lafiya wanda mutanen da suka karɓi allurai 3 na Moderna (N = 6,283) ko Pfizer-BioNTech (N = 6,308) rigakafin COVID-19 kuma sun kammala aƙalla duba lafiyar lafiya guda ɗaya. binciken a kan kwanaki 0-7 bayan kowace kashi, ta adadin adadin, a cikin Amurka a tsakanin Agusta 12-Satumba 19, 2021.

Game da marubucin

Avatar na Juergen T Steinmetz

Juergen T Steinmetz

Juergen Thomas Steinmetz ya ci gaba da aiki a masana'antar tafiye-tafiye da yawon buɗe ido tun yana saurayi a Jamus (1977).
Ya kafa eTurboNews a cikin 1999 azaman wasiƙar farko ta yanar gizo don masana'antar yawon shakatawa ta duniya.

Labarai
Sanarwa na
bako
0 comments
Bayanin Cikin Lissafi
Duba duk maganganu
0
Za a son tunanin ku, don Allah sharhi.x
()
x
Share zuwa...